history test

19th amendment

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**Women gain the right to vote**

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* Alice paul is directly going at the congressman, using radical approaches kid of 

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1. Alice Paul


1. NWP - formed by paul 
2. More radical 
3. Protest in front of white house 


1. Arrested 
2. Hunger strike 
3. Media awareness 
4. She’s using wilon’s words to say hey how can you want to spread democracy abroad when women dont have it here, etc. 


1. Ppl rly mad that she disrespected war time president 
2. She was arrested for trespassing, hunger strike in jail 


1. Ppl were scared that she was going to become a martyr, etc.
2. Catt 


1. Women’s rights advocate 4o years 
2. Appeal to get womens rights at state levels → go state by state 
3. President of NAWSA
3. America was kind of behind in terms of women's rights 


1. Lots of other countries had gotten women's rights by that time 
2. He says that women get this thing because they earned it because they worked in the war 


1. Similarities with civil rights: 


1. Both of these marginalized groups have to earn their rights, they dont have them inherently, have to do work to get the, 
2. In both times there are ppl who are more aggressive and ppl who are more peaceful 


1. Fast and slow, etc. 

wilson: *The tasks of the women lie at the very heart of the war, and I know how much stronger that heart will beat if you do this just thing and show our women that you trust them as much as you in fact and of necessity depend upon them.*

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*Have I said that the passage of this amendment is a vitally necessary war measure, and do you need further proof?* 

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Spanish American War

Power

* Causes: __https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/spanish-american-war__ 
* Cuban & filipino struggle for independence from Spain
* Spain’s actions were shown in US through __Yellow Journalism__
* __Yellow Journalism__: journalism that relies on eye-catching headlines, exaggeration and sensationalism to increase sales
* American sympathy for Cuban and philipines→ pushed for war with Spain
* they blamed the USS Maine on Spain and went to war
* End:
* Treaty of Paris (ended the war)
* Outcomes:
* US received Guam and Puerto Rico and sovereignty of Philippines

USS Maine

* A ship exploded and they blamed it on Spain but it wasn't Spain
* Served as the cause of war - America’s excuse to go to war

Philippines

* Used as a stepping stone to get to china 

Cuba

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* Economic influence 
* Power 
* Sugar cane in cuba and

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Panama Canal

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Roosevelt Corollary

* Originally Colombia had the canal, but the U.S. wanted it for trade n stuff, so U.S. encouraged panama revolution so that panama could have control of canal and they could use it for their own good 
* They made a deal 
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* The United States acquired the rights to build and operate the Panama Canal during the first years of the 20th century. The Hay-Herrán Treaty, negotiated with the nation of Colombia in 1903, allowed the United States rights to the land surrounding the planned canal.
* France tried to get the canal, but failed, 
* U.S. didn’t pay a fee on the canal until woodrow wilson came, 
* Wilson was “moral,” was abt spreading principles, etc. 

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Roosevelt Corollary

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Dollar Diplomacy

* The corollary stated that not only were the nations of the Western Hemisphere not open to colonization by European powers, but that the United States had the responsibility to preserve order and protect life and property in those countries.
* Using club to make peace 
*  Big stick diplomacy 
* Using words, but backward with military 
* If you do come over here, we will use our force
* Central american - europe 
* Roosevelt corollary to monroe doctrine 

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Dollar Diplomacy

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* Like big stick but you keep the 
* Roosevelt hand picked taft 
* Dollar diplomacy 
* investing , etc. 
* Saved economy in nicuragua, built railroad in china 
* Did this so that they become our allies and that our business will prosper,
* They will become dependent on us, get more money,e tc.

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Moral Diplomacy

* Woodrow wilson: 

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* Moral diplomacy 
* Coup in mexico and wilson refuses to recognize the new g0v bc was not democratically elected 
* Panama 
* US starts paying the canal fees bc they think they should 
* Cuba 
* Right away we give them independence 
* Puerto rico 
* Give them odd-citizenship 
* Citizens made my congress, not constitution 
* So they have different rights 
* Philippines 
* Gave them voting rights and then independence 
* Can't really govern yourselves, but not wilson is like “lets see what they can do”

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League of Nations 

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* The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson
* US made but didnt join 
* Important one: if one attacks they all attack 
* It fell apart bc US didnt join

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* How did US foreign policy evolve after the Civil War and into the 20th century?

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* Nonetheless, all foreign nations were officially neutral throughout the Civil War, and none recognized the Confederacy, marking a major diplomatic achievement for Secretary Seward and the Lincoln Administration.
* Went away from isolationism 
* Principles, power, influence
* Trying to expand, get bigger, now becoming global super power

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* To what extent was US foreign policy shaped by:
* Economic concerns? 

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* Dollar diplomacy 
* Under taft, but still used big stick as threat 
* Also lots of places are largely economic 
* China railroad, panama canal, nicaragua, cuba sugar cane,

To what extent was US foreign policy shaped by: Ideological (democratic) concerns?

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* Woodrow wilson 
* Not accepting mexico gov bc they're not demo elected

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* What aspects of US foreign policy allowed the US to gain a position on the world stage?

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* League of nations 
* Panama canal 
* Treaty of paris 
* Huge impact on ww2
* Brought weapons and money and fresh new soldiers 
* Moral 

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Selective Service Act

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* An act to provide for the common defense by increasing the strength of the Armed Forces of the United States, including the reserve components thereof, and for other purposes.

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Liberty Bonds

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* War bonds 
* Buy into a war bond, give gov 50 dollars and then it matures and u get the interest on it 
* A Liberty Bond is a debt obligation issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury in conjunction with the Federal Reserve. Also known as a Liberty Loan, it was a war bond, issued in four installments in 1917-18 as a means to finance the U.S.' participation in World War I and the Allied war effort in Europe.

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Espionage Act

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* outlawed false statements intended to interfere with military operations; attempts to incite insubordination or obstruct the recruitment of troops; and false statements promoting the success of America's enemies. Those charged with violations were subject to a $10,000 fine and twenty years imprisonment
* The Sedition Act of 1918 curtailed the free speech rights of U.S. citizens during time of war. Passed on May 16, 1918, as an amendment to Title I of the Espionage Act of 1917, the act provided for further and expanded limitations on speech.

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Sedition Act

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* The Sedition Act of 1918 curtailed the free speech rights of U.S. citizens during time of war. Passed on May 16, 1918, as an amendment to Title I of the Espionage Act of 1917, the act provided for further and expanded limitations on speech.
* the Sedition Act imposed harsh penalties for a wide range of dissenting speech, including speech abusing the U.S. government, the flag, the Constitution, and the military.

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Committee on Public Information

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* Committee on Public Information 
* Response to the U.S. entry into World War I in an attempt to mobilize public opinion behind the war effort with every available form of mass communication. (https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1179/committee-on-public-information#:\~:text=CPI%20established%20to%20mobilize%20public,available%20form%20of%20mass%20communication.)

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Woodrow Wilson

* __Wilson’s veto of the Volstead Act:__
* “In his official veto of the Volstead Act, Wilson warned that when dealing with matters that affected the “personal habits and customs of large numbers of our people” it was more essential than ever that legal procedure be taken most seriously. Wilson was a firm believer in progressive action and lawmaking and was an outspoken supporter of civil liberties. His veto attempt was ultimately informed…by his desire to protect the rights of citizens from improper legislation.” 
*  Woodrow wilson: 

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* Moral diplomacy 
* Coup in mexico and wilson refuses to recognize the new g0v bc was not democratically elected 
* Panama 
* US starts paying the canal fees bc they think they should 
* Cuba 
* Right away we give them independence 
* Puerto rico 
* Give them odd-citizenship 
* Citizens made my congress, not constitution 
* So they have different rights 
* Philippines 
* Gave them voting rights and then independence 
* Cant really govern yourselves, but not wilson is like “lets see what they can do”

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__14 points__ 

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Diplomacy shall be open to the world. International seas shall be free to navigate during peace and war. There shall be free trade between the countries who accept the peace. There shall be a worldwide reduction in weapons and armies by all countries.

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* overall helped make league of nations
* The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson

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* How did World War I impact US society?

Go getter mentality was intensified 

* The war was a catalyst for the great migration of African Americans, and those who returned from the war, finding inequality intact, demanded civil rights. In addition, the conflict heralded the rise of conscription, mass propaganda, the national security state and the FBI


* Increased sense of nationalism, doing things for the country, using less stuff to help the country 
* Sacrificing in some way, shared sense of purpose 
* Women and black community saying we shared this sense of purpose with you, we want to have this stuff continuing through 

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* What political and economic actions did the US government take to support the war effort?

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* To help pay for the war, the government __increased corporate and personal income taxes.__ The federal income tax entered the lives of many Americans. In 1939 fewer than 8 million people filed individual income tax returns. In 1945 nearly 50 million filed.

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* What actions did the US military take that helped to turn the tide of the war?

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* Brought new troops to the war, restarted morale, etc.

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* What were the causes of the global and domestic social strife that took place post-WWI?

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* As white men leaving minorities are getting mroe important roles 
* When the men are coming back they want their positions back, so all of this starts happening 
* Lynching increases, etc. 

great migration

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* __**Black population moving west and north**__ 


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Reasons Black people left the South 

(Push Factors)

* __No justice system in the south for black americans__ 
* __Voting rights restricted as well__ 
* Farms had been destroyed by severe weather 
* Floods 
* Bullweavil (infestation)
* Difficult to farm 
* Food got more expensive 
* __Lynchings__ 
* **Children forced to work in fields** 
* **Also couldn't go to school** 

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Reasons Black people moved north

(Pull factors)

* Urban life
* More job opportunities in the north 
* Foreigners had left bc caps on immigration, so lots of jobs needed workers, 
* Work in steel industry and railroads
* Factories  
* At first improved housing 
* Living conditions better in the north 
* More opportunities for education 
* Freedom to vote 
* Black press & family members → highlighting pros of north 

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1. Based on these paintings, what problems did Black citizens face as they moved north:

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1. Continued to face segregation, bombing of their new homes, contracted T.B.
2. Housing is overcrowded 
3. Segregation 
4. Race riots 
5. Current black community in north not as welcoming, 
6. Also hard to physically leave the south 

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1. Impact of the Great Migration on the nation: 

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1. South sad that everyone left, farms left in poor condition


1. Also more multiculturalism, ppl have to co-exist, etc. 


1. Boom in industrialization, more ppl willing to work in factories, etc. 
2. “White flight”


1. More post WW2 


1. Redlining, etc. 

Flapper

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* **More progressive women** 
* **Challenge social norms** 
* **Shorter hair, less traditional clothing, etc.** 
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* They weren't rly accepted into society, they were bolder, did what they wanted, etc. 
* She might drive, smoke, drink, kiss in public, etc.

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**Technology and Economics**

**Huge bump in economic** 

* **Ppl have to ration stuff, so then when they dont have to they start buying things alot** 
* **More ppl working as men coming back from war** 
* **New products being made** 
* **New technologies being made** 
* **All these new things let women become more integrated into the community** 
* **Frozen food makes it different the way we make meals** 
* **Diets are different** 
* **All of these changing the way we are living and increasing our economy as a whole** 

**Harlem Renaissance: A New African American Identity** 

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* **Black community moved to harlem and chicago there is an explosion of art** 
* **Everyone is influencing everyone** 
* **WB DB wants to finance it all,etc.** 
* **Stages** 
* **Black ppl making black art for black ppl** 
* **Then white artists start to like it so its being made for white ppl** 
* **Then black artists reclaim it, say hey it acc is abt me** 

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1. __Claude McKay’s “If We Must Die__,” (1919)

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* Dont go down without a fight 
* Theyre strong, brave, etc. 
* Let us make sure we are taking control of how we are being perceived and how we will go forward 
* Dont let society tell us who we are, etc. 

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1. __Langston Hughes “I, too__” (1926)

* Hes talking abt the future, gaining more respect, having a seat at the table, literally 
* Hes waiting, getting ready, 
* “Growing strong”
* Eventually, when he goes to the table america will be ashamed for not having that before
* Concept of black pride, black is beautiful, etc. 
* “I am a man”
* I am a person, you have to acknowledge me 

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1. __Aaron Douglas Murals__ (1936)

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* Reflecting back on black experience 
* Jazz is a shining light 
* Humanity is coming through music, it is a coping mechanism, etc. 
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__Harlem Renaissance Music Playlist__

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* Black america really created jazz music 
* Cotton club 
* Black musicians are allowed to come in and play but black ppl cant come in and listen 
* Black ppl playing for white audience 
* Saying “u have something we want”

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1. __Duke Ellington__

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* Take the A train 
* A train that goes into harlem 
* Lots of improv in jazz 
* All riffs, unexpected, etc. 
* Classical is v structure, bc jazz is improv it was very different sound
* Some loved it, some hated it 

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1. __Ella Fitzgerald__

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* Scat singing 
* Making sound with your voice 
* Just a fun song 
* Not really abt anything

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1. __Billie Holiday__

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* Strange fruit 
* Abt lynchings in the south 
* Black bodies hanging from the trees 

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1. "Normalcy became the motto for a decade of abnormality."  What does this quote mean and how does it apply to the 1920s?

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1. The abnormalities become normal 


1. It becomes normal to change the social customs, social norms 


1. Jazz is accepted
2. Flappers accepted 
2. The things that are normally seen as outside of society become normal, becomes okay to accept these things 

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1. What was Modern about the 1920s?

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1. Innovation 


1. Issues in society being recognized and being addressed 
2. As we’re pushing against social norms saying “look we’re going to change things, etc.” 


1. Women gain the right to vote, women want divorce laws, brith control, etc. 


1. Women can control their own destinies 
2. Black community too 


1. They want to control their own destiny 
3. The car has a huge influence on 1920s 


1. Changes in living patterns, etc. 


1. New middle class that can afford the car, etc. 


1. Expanding middle class 

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1. In what ways did the events prior to the 1920s set up the 1920s to be the “first modern decade”?  

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1. Urbanization and industrialization

Scopes Trial

* Laws that said you could not teach evolution in school 
* Fundamentalists thought that why should science make the first rule 
* Hes saying that what is true is something that doesnt change 
* The bible
* William jenkins 
* Why would we teach stuff if it cahnegs, etc. 

Scopes teaches evolution- ACLU wanted to test the law 

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* His lawyer is saying that this is ignorant,
* If you can limit this what else can you limit 
* Where does it stop, etc. 
* During the trial he puts the bible guy on the stand 
* Hes like “did that really happen,” and he cant prove it, etc. 
* Scopes didnt win the trial, lost on technicality 
* Got rid of it the law in a lot of places though, not all of them 

Rise of Nativism/Eugenics

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* **Numbers shifting to allow a lot less,** 
* **Do this bc of eugenics** 
* **Nativist movement,** 
* **Ppl wanted to keep america for americans** 
* **They don't want more ppl to come in** 

Prohibition

banned alcohol, no one followed it, etc.

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18th amendment

*After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.*

* __Wilson’s veto of the Volstead Act:__
* “In his official veto of the Volstead Act, Wilson warned that when dealing with matters that affected the “personal habits and customs of large numbers of our people” it was more essential than ever that legal procedure be taken most seriously. Wilson was a firm believer in progressive action and lawmaking and was an outspoken supporter of civil liberties. His veto attempt was ultimately informed…by his desire to protect the rights of citizens from improper legislation.” 

red summer

major race riots and lynchings

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* Lot of it in the south but not all of it 
* All these race riots happened in 1 summer 
* Lot of this is about black community moving to different places, 
* Still segregated, but ppl want black community to stay in their spot in the social hierarchy 
* Race riots: white ppl reacting to something that happened in the black community, etc. 

red scare

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During the Red Scare of 1919-1920, many in the United States feared recent immigrants and dissidents, particularly those who embraced communist, socialist, or anarchist ideology.

* the thing abt how the US put quotas on immigrants from eastern europe bc scared of communism, etc.
* **Big push to stop anything anti-american, anything against US, immirgrants, etc.** 

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 **Immigration** 

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1. Immigration __Quotas__ in the 1920s


1. Ppl coming from western europe 


1. White ppl 
2. Allowed in at larger numbers 


1. Who is already here


1. The more ppl who are already here get to have more ppl arrive 
2. Allowed in based on previous census
2. Eastern europe 


1. Jewish/catholic 
2. Communism/socialist 


1. Different political belief 
3. Language 
4. Different culture/traditions


1. Ppl more poor, skilled 


1. Concern is that ppl from EE are going to have a harder time to assimilate into society, 
5. Eastern europe ppl allowed it but in far less numbers 

Extension of learning: 1910s-1920s: Immigration, defining whiteness

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1. One drop rule 


1. If you had one drop of non white blood, 


1. Any other ancestry 


1. Then ur not considered pure white american 

Case Study: Sacco and Vanzetti

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* **Accused of robbery and murder** 
* **Given death penalty for that crime** 
* **Hes saying the worst thing he ever did was be an immigrant in the US** 

**Resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan**

KKK instilled fear in the population

* To anyone who they thought was outside mainstream society
* There were ppl who were against it though, 
* Reconstruction 
* Group of ppl called the silent majority 
* Bc they arent speaking out it seems like the KKK is rly the majority, etc. 
* Some ppl speaking out, but not enough, not alot, 
* Thats why getting elected to congres, etc. 

What was the role of the Traditionalists in 1920 society? 

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*  To preserve american society 
* Push back against modern change, all these changes 
* Women smoking, short dresses, etc. 
* Ppl in this society against this new change 
* Saying wait, does this represent who we are as a nation, etc. 

Did they successfully achieve their goals?  

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* Definitely instilled fear, had strong following, got ppl in the congress 
* Definitely had congress, ppl being convicted for being immigrants, etc. 
* Also you could say didnt suceed bc they were thriving 
* Small communities were still thriving, jazz, flappers, etc.