Native American Societies, Spanish Exploration, and the Pueblo Revolt

What characterized pre-Columbian societies in North America?

Diverse cultures, limited metal use, and extensive trade networks.

What were the main motives behind Spanish expeditions to the Americas?

To seek gold, establish military bases, and conduct missionary work.

What significant event occurred during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680?

The Pueblo people expelled Spanish colonists and altered colonial policies.

What does the term 'Black Legend' refer to?

A narrative portraying the Spanish as uniquely cruel colonizers.

What was the population estimate of Indigenous peoples in North America before European contact?

Up to 75 million across the continent, with 2-10 million within present-day U.S. borders.

What was the impact of diseases introduced by Europeans on Indigenous populations?

Roughly 80% of Indigenous populations perished in many regions due to diseases like smallpox and influenza.

What were the technological characteristics of pre-Columbian Native American societies?

They lacked metalworking, gunpowder, wheels, written languages, and domesticated animals but practiced farming and had complex social structures.

What is a tribe in the context of Native American societies?

A social unit consisting of families or bands that share a common language, culture, and territory.

What was the significance of the Iroquois Confederacy?

It was a multi-tribal alliance in upstate New York known for its political structure and cooperation among tribes.

How did Native American views on land ownership differ from European views?

Land was considered common property, with leaders allocating use rights but not private ownership.

Who was Popé and what role did he play in the Pueblo Revolt?

He was the leader who organized approximately 2,000 warriors against Spanish rule.

What was the outcome of the Pueblo Revolt?

About 400 Spanish colonists were killed, and the remainder were expelled from Santa Fe.

What changes occurred in Spanish policy towards Indigenous religions after the Pueblo Revolt?

The Spanish adopted a more tolerant stance and abandoned the encomienda system.

What does the term 'encomienda' refer to?

A Spanish colonial labor system granting colonists the right to extract tribute and forced labor from Indigenous peoples.

What challenges did Spanish colonies in Florida face?

Struggled due to climate and disease, with missions suffering uprisings like the Ujale uprising in 1597.

What was the significance of Santa Fe in Spanish colonization?

It became the first permanent settlement in the Southwest, established in 1610.

What was the role of women in many Native American societies?

Women could own dwellings and tools, served as religious leaders, and experienced fewer taboos around premarital sexuality.

What was the technological profile of pre-Columbian Native American societies compared to Eurasian societies?

They had farming and complex social structures but lacked metalworking, gunpowder, wheels, written languages, and domesticated animals.

What was the fate of the Zuni and Hopi societies around 1200 CE?

They flourished by building multi-family dwellings in canyon settings but later faced decline due to environmental stress.

What was the impact of the Spanish Inquisition on Indigenous cultures?

It discouraged cultural syncretism and suppressed native religions.

What does historiography highlight about the sources on Indigenous peoples?

Most accounts reflect European perspectives due to the lack of Indigenous written tradition.

What was the significance of Juan Ponce de León's exploration?

He searched for gold and the Fountain of Youth in Florida but died from a poisoned arrow wound.

What does the term 'mutual benefit' mean in the context of a confederacy?

It refers to an alliance of independent groups cooperating while retaining internal autonomy.