Chapter 11 Sec 3

What religion had grown and spread throughout the world by 1050?

Islam

Which two religious traditions flourished in India during this time?

Hinduism and Buddhism

What type of government did China have in 1050?

A strong central government

What technological advancements were developed in China?

Paper, printing, gunpowder

What forms of currency did China use?

Coins and paper money

What valuable resource was found in West Africa?

Gold

How did the Mayans adapt to their environment in the Americas?

They cleared rainforests and built great cities.

Why did the Mayans stay out of contact with Europeans?

They were geographically isolated.

Which empire was growing in Europe during this period?

The Byzantine Empire

Who invaded the Byzantine Empire in the 1050s?

The Seljuk Turks

What religion did the Seljuk Turks follow?

Islam

After attacking the Byzantine Empire, whom did the Seljuk Turks target?

Christian pilgrims

Which Byzantine Emperor asked for Christian knights to help fight the Turks?

Emperor Alexius I

Who agreed to send knights to fight in the Crusades?

Pope Urban II

What was the famous phrase declared by an assembly of higher clergy to encourage the Crusades?

"God wills it!"

What were some reasons why men joined the Crusades?

To fight for God, gain wealth and land, escape troubles at home, or seek adventure.

Why did Pope Urban II support the Crusades?

He wanted to increase his power and redirect knights to fight Muslims instead of each other.

Which Crusade was the most successful?

The First Crusade

What city did the Crusaders capture during the First Crusade?

Jerusalem

What did the Crusaders do after capturing Jerusalem?

They massacred Muslims and Jewish residents.

Who retook Jerusalem, leading to the Second Crusade?

Saladin, a Muslim leader

What was the outcome of the Third Crusade?

Saladin defeated the knights but reopened Jerusalem to Christian pilgrims.

What was unusual about the Fourth Crusade?

Crusaders fought other Christians instead of Muslims.

What happened to the Crusader states after the Fourth Crusade?

Muslim armies overran them.

During the Christian defeat in Jerusalem, who was massacred this time?

Christians

What economic change resulted from the Crusades?

Increase in trade

How did the money economy grow during this time?

People began buying goods instead of trading.

How did monarchs gain power during the Crusades?

They won the right to collect taxes to support the Crusades.

How did fighting in the Crusades impact monarchs’ popularity?

It made them more popular among their people.

How did the Crusades impact the power of the papacy?

The pope’s power reached its height.

What effect did the Crusades have on Europeans' knowledge of the world?

They became more aware of different cultures and lands.

Who was the famous European traveler that set out for China?

Marco Polo

What did Marco Polo bring back from China?

Stories of a government-run mail service and coal (black stones) used for heating homes.

When did Christians begin pushing Muslims out of Spain?

As early as the 700s

When was the Reconquista finally completed?

The 1300s

How did Ferdinand and Isabella unify Spain?

They married, joining their kingdoms.

In what year did Ferdinand and Isabella push out the last Muslims from Spain?

1492

What was their goal after driving out the Muslims?

To unify Spain under one religion.

What was the Inquisition?

A church court set up to try people accused of heresy.

What brutal action did Isabella take against Jews and Muslims?

She launched a crusade against them.

What happened to those who refused to convert to Christianity?

They were burned at the stake.

How many people fled Spain due to religious persecution?

More than 150,000 people.