Chapter 11 Sec 3

1. What religion had grown and spread throughout the world by 1050?

   • Islam

2. Which two religious traditions flourished in India during this time?

   • Hinduism and Buddhism

3. What type of government did China have in 1050?

   • A strong central government

4. What technological advancements were developed in China?

   • Paper, printing, gunpowder

5. What forms of currency did China use?

   • Coins and paper money

6. What valuable resource was found in West Africa?

   • Gold

7. How did the Mayans adapt to their environment in the Americas?

   • They cleared rainforests and built great cities.

8. Why did the Mayans stay out of contact with Europeans?

   • They were geographically isolated.

9. Which empire was growing in Europe during this period?

   • The Byzantine Empire

10. Who invaded the Byzantine Empire in the 1050s?

• The Seljuk Turks

11. What religion did the Seljuk Turks follow?

• Islam

12. After attacking the Byzantine Empire, whom did the Seljuk Turks target?

• Christian pilgrims

II. The Crusades

13. Which Byzantine Emperor asked for Christian knights to help fight the Turks?

• Emperor Alexius I

14. Who agreed to send knights to fight in the Crusades?

• Pope Urban II

15. What was the famous phrase declared by an assembly of higher clergy to encourage the Crusades?

• "God wills it!"

16. What were some reasons why men joined the Crusades?

• To fight for God, to gain wealth and land, to escape troubles at home, or for adventure.

17. Why did Pope Urban II support the Crusades?

• He wanted to increase his power and redirect Christian knights to fight Muslims instead of each other.

Victories and Defeats

18. Which Crusade was the most successful?

• The First Crusade

19. What city did the Crusaders capture during the First Crusade?

• Jerusalem

20. What did the Crusaders do after capturing Jerusalem?

• They massacred Muslims and Jewish residents.

21. Who retook Jerusalem, leading to the Second Crusade?

• Saladin, a Muslim leader

22. What was the outcome of the Third Crusade?

• Saladin defeated the knights but reopened Jerusalem to Christian pilgrims.

23. What was unusual about the Fourth Crusade?

• Crusaders fought other Christians instead of Muslims.

24. What happened to the Crusader states after the Fourth Crusade?

• Muslim armies overran them.

25. During the Christian defeat in Jerusalem, who was massacred this time?

• Christians

III. Effects of the Crusades

Economic Expansion

26. What economic change resulted from the Crusades?

• Increase in trade

27. How did the money economy grow during this time?

• People began buying goods instead of trading.

Increased Power of Monarchs

28. How did monarchs gain power during the Crusades?

• They won the right to collect taxes to support the Crusades.

29. How did fighting in the Crusades impact monarchs’ popularity?

• It made them more popular among their people.

The Church

30. How did the Crusades impact the power of the papacy?

• The pope’s power reached its height.

Wider Worldview

31. What effect did the Crusades have on Europeans' knowledge of the world?

• They became more aware of different cultures and lands.

32. Who was the famous European traveler that set out for China?

• Marco Polo

33. What did Marco Polo bring back from China?

• Stories of a government-run mail service and coal (black stones) used for heating homes.

IV. The Reconquista in Spain

Christian Advances

34. When did Christians begin pushing Muslims out of Spain?

• As early as the 700s

35. When was the Reconquista finally completed?

• The 1300s

Ferdinand & Isabella

36. How did Ferdinand and Isabella unify Spain?

• They married, joining their kingdoms.

37. In what year did Ferdinand and Isabella push out the last Muslims from Spain?

• 1492

38. What was their goal after driving out the Muslims?

• To unify Spain under one religion.

39. What was the Inquisition?

• A church court set up to try people accused of heresy.

40. What brutal action did Isabella take against Jews and Muslims?

• She launched a crusade against them.

41. What happened to those who refused to convert to Christianity?

• They were burned at the stake.

42. How many people fled Spain due to religious persecution?

• More than 150,000 people.