Chapter 5 AP Euro

Louis XIV

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. Made the mistake of revoking the Edict of Nantes

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Cardinal Richelieu

This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy by reducing power of the nobles (Religious wars)

Cardinal Mazarin

(1602-1661), Successor of Cardinal Richelieu and his bad attempts to increase royal revenue and the state lead to the Fronde; ran the government while Louis VIII was still a child (Mercantilism)

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

War of Spanish Succession

Multiple European powers, including France, Spain, Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Austria, were involved as they sought to prevent the unification of the French and Spanish crowns under one monarch, Philip V, a grandson of Louis XIV of France. The war concluded with the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt, which altered the balance of power in Europe by ensuring that France could never unite. In the end, England gets Canada and Gibraltar

Fronde

a french rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism

Religious Tolerance in France

Edict of Nantes is Revoked by Louis XIV “Un Roi, Une Loi, Une Foi” (One Ruler, One Law, One Faith)

Peace of Utrecht

1713, ended Louis XIV's attempts to gain military power and land. Marked the end of French expansionist policy. Ended the War of Spanish Succession.

Dutch Netherlands

• Republic

• Stadholder

• William of Orange

• Dutch East India Company

Ferdinand II (Ferdinand the Great)

Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia and Hungary who waged war against Protestant forces (1578-1637)

Ferdinand III

1637-1657. centralized government. strengthened Habsburg holdings. established a standing army. wanted to conquer the plains of hungary. absolutist.

Frederick William the Great Elector

Prussian ruler who unified separate states and started process of militarization (he was a politique)

Hohenzollerns

This was the royal dynasty of electors in Prussia

Kaisers

The title used for the emperors of Prussia and the Holy Roman Empire, derived from the Latin word 'Caesar.'

Junkers (Prussia)

Prussia's nobility. They did not want to lose power, so they supported the Hohenzollerns in return for no taxes and complete control of peasants

Ivan III (Ivan the Great)

Made Moscow the new capital of Russia and he overthrew the Mongols that were dominating Russia.

Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)

took title of Czar, executed tons of people including his own son. Positive: he did centralize czars power and strengthened Russia

Time of Troubles (Russia)

This is the name of the period in Russia after Ivan the Terrible's death in the 1500s. During this, there was a big famine, a bunch of uprisings, and occupation by the Poles.

Boyars

Russian nobles

Cossacks

Free groups and outlaw armies of peasants who fled the tzar and service nobility

Peter the Great

Goal was to westernize (modernize) Russia. Moved capital to St. Petersburg in an attempt to make a city like Versailles. Wanted to build Russia militarily and reform by consolidating power.

Great Northern War

war where Russia's victory under Peter the Great leads to control over Baltic Sea

Charles XII of Sweden

Perhaps the most capable of Sweden's kings between 1648 and 1721, he surprised Russia and Peter the Great with his ability to defend Sweden's shaky hold on Baltic coast territory. The conflict between Russia and Sweden, that Peter would ultimately win, was called the Great Northern War.

Sultan

a Muslim sovereign.

Constitutionalism

The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks.

Absolutism

Absolutism is a political system where one ruler has all the power in a country. In this system, there are no legal limits on the ruler's authority. Kings and queens often claim their right to rule comes from God, meaning they don't answer to anyone but Him. A well-known example is Louis XIV of France, who said, 'I am the state,' showing how he controlled everything. Absolutism leads to a strong central government and often silences opposition.

Puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

Elizabeth I of England

Elizabeth I of England succeeded Mary and reestablished Protestantism in England. She was very well loved

James I

(1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.

Charles I of England

Son of King James; Charles also believed in the divine right of Kings and wanted to force his religious policies among the Puritans. The Puritans saw this as the return of Catholic practices and fled to America instead. He was executed by Oliver Cromwell.

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

Book of Common Prayer

Anglican service book of the Church of England;

English Civil War: Causes

-outbreak of rebellion in Ireland due to differences in religious beliefs (English exploited them)

-Division & dispute of power between Charles I and Parliament

English Civil War (Course- major events, people)

-Charles I gathered his own army (Cavaliers)

-Parliament created its own army in response, Oliver Cromwell was the leader (Roundheads)

English Civil War- Consequences

• Puritan government

• Cromwell= Lord Protector

• Kingship abolished

• Harsh conditions (Dictatorship)

• Economy suffered

Charles II

(Absolute Monarch that tried to turn England Catholic but then ended up getting replaced by parliament.) King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism

James II

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government

William of Orange (oranje) and Mary

English King and Queen took power during Glorious Revolution

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

Leviathan--Thomas Hobbes

(Rule by decree) This book argued that rulers should have absolute and unlimited political authority. People should give up their liberty to gain security and order. It also said that once the ruler was chosen, it was a leader bound to the people till death and they could NOT revolt.

Two Treatise of Civil Government

written by John Locke, it contains the blueprint principles found in the Declaration of Independence such as belief of natural right and that people should be able to overthrow an unfair ruler.

Natural Rights

Life, Liberty, and Property (John Locke)