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Jackie Robinson
Black baseball player who broke the color line in 1947 by being hired by the Brooklyn Dodgers as the first African-American to play on major league team since 1880s
Harry S Truman
President from 1945 to 1953; first modern president to use the power of his office to challenge racial discrimination; strengthened civil rights division of justice department, and ordered end of racial discrimination throughout federal government in 1948
Committee on civil rights
Truman used executive powers to establish in 1946; pushed for southern anti-lynching laws and tried to register more black voters; mostly symbolic with little effect
National Association for the advancement of colored people (NAACP)
Worked through courts for decades to try and overturn the Supreme Court 1896 decision in Plessy V Ferguson; won series of cases involving education in 1940s
Thurgood Marshall
Lead team of NAACP lawyers in brown V board of education
Brown V board of education of Topeka
Supreme Court overturned Plessy decision because segregation of black children in public schools was unconstitutional because it violated equal protection clause of the 14th amendment
Earl Warren
Chief Justice during brown V board of education; ruled separate facilities are inherently unequal and unconstitutional and school segregation should end with all deliberate speed
Southern manifesto
101 members of Congress signed this condemning the supreme court for clear abuse of judicial power in brown V Board of Education
Desegregation
What the brown decision was called
Little Rock
In Arkansas; Eisenhower ordered troops here to stand guard and protect black students
Rosa parks
Active member of NAACP who refused to give up Seat on bus to white passenger; arrested for violating segregation law
Martin Luther King Jr.
Black minister of a Montgomery Baptist Church who emerged as inspirational leader of nonviolent movement to end segregation
Nonviolent movement
Achieving goals through symbolic protest, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, without fighting
Montgomery bus boycott
Protest in Alabama set off by Rosa Parks; resulted in a Supreme Court ruling that segregation laws were unconstitutional and inspired other civil rights protests
Southern Christian leadership conference (SCLC)
MLK founded; organized ministers and churches in the south to get behind civil rights struggle
Sit in movement
February 1960 college students and Greensboro North Carolina after being refuse service at a whites only Woolworths lunch; students would deliberately invite arrest by sitting in restricted areas; used by blacks in 1960s to integrate restaurants, hotels, library's, etc.
Student nonviolent coordinating committee (SNCC)
Young activist including 23 year old John Lewis organized to promote voting rights end to segregation
Civil rights commission
Responsibility for investigating and reporting on issues concerning civil rights as well as making some new laws; created under civil rights act of 1957
Decolonization
The collapse of colonial empires; among the most important developments of the era following World War II
Third World
Developing nations that lacked stable political and economic institutions; need for foreign aid from either US or Soviet union made them pawns in Cold War
Covert action
Undercover intervention in the internal politics of other nations; increased use during Eisenhower times
CIA
Gathers information on foreign governments; in 1953, helped overthrow government in Iran
Iran
Where CIA overthrew government; tried to nationalize the holding of foreign oil companies; Put Reza Pahloni back as Shah and he provided West with favorable oil prices and purchase American arms
Suez crisis
Arab nationalist general Gamal Abdel Nasser led Egypt in asking US for funds to build Aswan dam on Nile river; US refused and nasser turned to Soviet union for funds and the Soviet union agreed; for more funds Nasser seized and nationalized British/French ships in this canal that passed through Egypt; Britain and France and Israel carried out surprise attack and took canal back
Eisenhower doctrine
US in 1957 pledged economic and military aid to any middle eastern country threatened by communism; first applied in 1958 by sending 14,000 members to Lebanon
Organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC)
Middle eastern states of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran joined with Venezuela for this; members hoped to expand their political power by coordinating their oil policies
Yom Kippur (October) War
October 6, 1973 Syrians and Egyptians launched surprise attack on Israel to recover lands lost in six day war 1967; Nixon ordered US nuclear forces on alert and airlifted almost $2 billion in arms to Israel; Israel won
Oil embargo
Arab members of OPEC placed this on oil sold to Israel's supporters (the United States); caused worldwide oil shortage and long gas lines at US; affected US economy and blue-collar workers
Camp David accords
September 1978 negotiated by Sadut (Egypt) & Beign (Jerusalem) intermediated by Carter; provided framework for peace settlement between the two countries
Peace corps
JFK set up in 1961; organization that recruited young American volunteers to give technical aid to develop in countries
Alliance of progress
JFK created in 1961; a US program that promoted land reform and economic development in Latin America
Ngo Dinh Diem
South Vietnam Government emerged under him; support came from anti-Communist, urban Vietnamese, and those who fled from North
Domino theory
If South Vietnam fell under communist control one nation after another in Southeast Asia would also fall until Australia and New Zealand we're in dire danger
John Foster dulles
Secretary of state who put together SEATO
Southeast Asia Treaty organization (SEATO)
Regional defense pack; agreed to defend one another in case of an attack within the region; eight countries signed in 1954: US, Great Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan
Tonkin gulf resolution
Gave the president as commander-in-chief a blank check to take all the necessary measures to protect US interests in Vietnam
General William Westmoreland
The commander of the US forces in Vietnam; assured the American public that he could see the light at the end of the tunnel
Credibility gap
Gap between people and government over Vietnam War; created from Miss information from military and civilian leaders and Johnson's reluctance to speak frankly about scope and cost of war
Hawks
Supporters of Vietnam war; believed that the war was an act of Soviet backed communist of agrression against south Vietnam and that it was a part of a master plan to conquer all of south east Asia
Doves
Opponents of Vietnam war; viewed the conflict as a Civil War fought by Vietnamese nationalist and some communist who wanted to unite their country by overthrowing a corrupt Saigon government
Tet Offensive
January 1968 Vietcong launched attack on almost every provincial capital and American base in south Vietnam; US counterattack and recovered territory; as a military attack it failed but was a political victory in demoralizing the American public
Robert F Kennedy
JFK younger brother from New York who became a senator; decided to enter presidential race; June 5, 1968 he won a major victory in California primary but was shot and killed by young Arab nationalist immediately after victory speech
George Wallace
Conservative in 1968 election for president; governor of Alabama; first politician of late 20th century America to marshel the general resentment against the Washington establishment and two party system; went for president as self nominated candidate of America independent party
Richard Nixon
Conservative in 1968 election for president; won election; became a front runner in Republican primaries; was a hawk on Vietnam war and ran on slogans of peace with honor and law and order
Democratic convention in Chicago
Clear Humphrey had enough delegates to win nomination; Humphrey controlled this but anti-war demonstrates were determined to control the streets; mayor Richard duley had the police out en nasse and the resulting violence was portrayed on television as police riot; Humphrey left as nominee of divided democratic party
Hubert Humphrey
Liberal candidate for election of 1968; vice president under Johnson and loyally supported Johnsons domestic and foreign policies
White backlash
Growing hostility of a white to federal desegregation, antiwar protest, and race riots; tapped by Wallace
Henry Kissinger
Nixon's national secretary advisor and the secretary of state in second term; helped Nixon fashion pragmatic foreign policy that reduced Cold War tensions
Vietnamization
The gradual withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam and give the South Vietnamese the money, weapons, and the training they needed to take over the full conduct of the war
Kent state
National Guard troops killed four students here in Ohio as a result of nationwide college campus protest due to US invading Cambodia
May lai
Vietnamese village where US troops massacred women and kids in 1968
Pentagon papers
Secret government study documenting the mistakes and deceptions of government policy makers in dealing with Vietnam; Leaked to New York Times by former defense department analyst Daniel Ellsberg
Paris accords
January 1973; promised cease-fire and free elections; also had armistice in which the US would withdraw the last of its troops and get back more than 500 POWs
War powers act
Congress passed over nixons veto; required Nixon and any future president to report to congress within 48 hours after taking military action and Congress would have to approve any military action that lasted more than 60 days
Nixon doctrine
In the future Asian allies would receive US support but without the extensive use of US ground forces
how to make a fornite map
"Steps to make a Fortnite map: 1. Open Fortnite Creative mode. 2. Choose an island template. 3. Select the terrain and customize it. 4. Place objects and structures. 5. Add gameplay elements like weapons and vehicles. 6. Test and refine the map. 7. Publish and share with others."
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