APEH Unit 6 Vocab Terms

Industrialization & Its Effects

Alexander II of Russia (1818-1881)

Tsar of Russia who came to power in the midst of the Crimean War, which led to the devastating defeat of Russia; he is most well-known for his reforms of the Russian government, giving more power to local governments and modernizing the military; he also famously emancipated the serfs in 1861; he was assassinated by a terrorist group in 1881

Anarchism

belief that the government and social institutions are oppressive and unnecessary and society should be based on voluntary cooperation among individuals; typically advocates violence as a way to undermine governments

Bessemer Process

a process of producing steel, in which impurities are removed by forcing a blast of air through molten iron; resulted in the ability to make steel more efficiently and cheaply.

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people; was considered by Karl Marx to be the oppressor of the working classes

British Labour Party

was formed in 1900 out of the trade union movement and various socialist parties, to become the main rival of the Conservative Party; currently it is center-left political party in the United Kingdom that has been described as an alliance of social democrats, democratic socialists and trade unionists. The party's platform emphasizes greater state intervention, social justice and strengthening workers' rights.

British Women's Social and Political Union

founded by Emmeline Pankhurst in 1903, and later led by her daughters, the group fought for women's right to vote; the group became known for its civil disobedience and direct action, including marches, protests and even hunger strikes; it was eventually disbanded in 1917

Capitalism

an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, especially as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

Chartism

the first large-scale European working-class political movement; it sought political reforms that would favor the interests of skilled British workers in the 1830s and 1840s; laws were eventually passed that extended suffrage to all men in England

Concert of Europe (Congress System)

This was the system set up by the Quadruple Alliance to meet periodically to talk about common issues; created at the Congress of Vienna, it was led by Metternich to ensure a balance of power to Europe based on conservatism values of ensuring traditional "legitimate" rulers stay in power

Conservatism

a political philosophy that developed as Napoleon's rule came to an end; believed in the preservation of traditional rule in Europe, including monarchies, the rights of landed aristocracies, the need for organized religion, and believed in the danger of liberal nationalist movements

Corn Laws

imposed a tariff on imported grain in England and were a symbolic protection of aristocratic landholdings; were eventually repealed in 1846, after the rise of liberalist movements, such as the Anti-Corn Law League, who petitioned to repeal the law and see more suffrage for middle class men

Cult of Domesticity

the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house

Decembrist Revolt (1825)

an attempt by Russian soldiers to overthrow the Russian government after the crowning of Tsar Nicholas I; the soldiers had been influenced by many of the liberal ideas that had spread from revolutionary France, and wanted to establish a representative government; the uprising was crushed, and as a result Tsar Nicholas I became more harsh and oppressive

Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890)

was an English social reformer who is noted for his leadership in reforming the Poor Laws in England and instituting major reforms in urban sanitation and public health; he pioneered the use of scientific surveys to identify all phases of a complex social problem, and pioneered the use of systematic long-term inspection programs to make sure the reforms operated as planned.

Factory Act of 1833

An act that limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen years of age to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen years of age to twelve hours.

Factory System

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building; this system gradually replaced the localized cottage industry and changed methods of production to mass production of goods

First Industrial Revolution

started in Great Britain in the late 18th century; centered around three new developments including the coal-powered steam engine, textile machines (spinning thread and weaving cloth), and blast furnaces to produce iron; helped increase the growth of the early American economy.

Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)

was a German philosopher, socialist and historian who collaborated with Karl Marx to write the "Communist Manifesto"; his beliefs influenced and evolved into socialist theory and later communism

Friedrich List's National System

a set of ideas which argued for government involvement in economic growth, including tariffs and investments in education and infrastructure; List, who was a supporter of German unification, believed that tariffs would protect a growing German industry; the system also advocated for the creation of government-controlled rail lines, which saw that drastic increase in German railway networks in the 19th century.

German Social Democratic Party

A German working-class political party founded in the 1870s, the SPD championed Marxism but in practice turned away from Marxist revolution and worked instead for social and workplace reforms in the German parliament.

Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)

he was an early utopian socialist, who advocated industrial development; he also stressed in highly moralistic terms that every social institution ought to have its main goal improved for the poor; he believed and recognized the needs of an industrial class, which he also referred to as the working class, needed to be recognized and fulfilled to have an effective society and an efficient economy; his ideas later influenced utopian socialism and Marxism

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number.

Joseph de Maistre (1753- 1821)

he was French counterrevolutionary; he later became a spokesman for authoritarian conservatism after French Revolution. Supported restoration of the monarchy citing it as a divine institution and supported papal authority over temporal matters.

July Revolution (1830)

rebellion in reaction to King Charles' edicts (the July Ordinances) that imposed rigid censorship on the press, dissolved the legislative assembly, and reduced the electorate in preparation for new elections; Charles fled; Louis-Philippe, his cousin, became king

Klemens von Metternich (1779-1853)

This was Austria's foreign minister who wanted a balance of power in an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression; he would lead the Congress of Vienna and was a key advocate of the spread of conservatism across Europe

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876)

was a Russian revolutionary anarchist and founder of collectivist anarchism. He is considered among the most influential figures of anarchism and one of the principal founders of the social anarchist tradition; his prestige as an activist also made him one of the most famous ideologues in Europe, gaining substantial influence amongst radicals throughout Russia and Europe; he famously critiqued Marxism as a "dictatorship of the proletariat"

Proletariat

Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.

Russian Revolution of 1905

Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country's defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms.

Second Industrial Revolution

the emergence of new industries and the spread of industrialization from Britain to other countries, especially Germany and the United States, in the second half of the nineteenth century; major industries included steel, chemicals and electricity

Sergei Witte (1849-1915)

Finance minister under whom Russia industrialized and began a program of economic modernization, founder of the Tran-Siberian Railroad.

Socialism/Marxism

an political and economic system in which the means of production are owned or controlled by society and used for the public good; promotes regulations governing the acquisition and distribution of property; the government is closely involved in the production and distribution of wealth

Sunday School Movement

Earliest form of public education in Britain; began in an effort to teach children to read the Bible.

The Crystal Palace at the Great Exhibition of 1851

an architectural masterpiece made of entirely glass and iron (which were cheap and abundant), sponsored by the British royal family, celebrated the new era of industrial technology and the kingdom's role as world economic leader

The Hungry '40s

crop failures across Europe, price increase, famine jeopardizes social peace, manufacturing decrease, unemployment increase

Utilitarianism

idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

War of Greek Independence (1821-1832)

rebellion by Greek citizens for independence from the Ottoman Empire; the Greek military force later received assistance from Great Britain, France and Russia, which led to the defeat of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of an independent Greece; was a series of revolts as part of the Revolutions of 1848

Zollverein

a free trade union established among the major German states in 1834; guided by the Prussian monarch, the goal was to eliminate the taxes paid on goods imported from one German state to another and promoting German unity