Lab 2 tissues and cells cell bio

What are tissues?

Groups of similar cells that perform specific functions in the body.

What are the 4 basic types of cells?

Epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous.

What are epithelia cells?

Are continuous layers of cells that cover surfaces, line cavities, and form glands.

What are the structure of epithelia cells?

Can be single-layered or multi-layered. Some have special features like microvilli (small projections that increase surface area) or cilia (moving substances along the surface.)

What is the function of epithelia cells?

Depending on their structure and location, epithelia can secrete, absorb, resorb, filter, and protect.

What are the types of epithelia?

Simple squamous, simple columnar, simple cuboidal, pseudostratified columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal and columnar, transitional, specialized epithelia-goblet cells.

What are simple squamous?

Thin, flat cells for diffusion and filtration (ex: lining blood vessels and air sacs in lungs.)

What are simple cuboidal?

Cube-shaped cells for secretion and absorption (ex: lining kidney tubules.)

What are simple columnar?

Tall, column-shaped cells for absorption and secretion (ex: lining the intestines.)

What are pseudostratified columnar?

Appears layered but is actually a single layer with cells of different heights, often ciliated (ex: lining the trachea.)

What are stratified squamous?

Multi-layered, with flat cells at the surface, provides protection (ex: skin). Can be keratinized (contains a tough protein called keratin) for extra protection on dry surfaces.

What are stratified cuboidal and columnar?

Rare, found in large ducts for protection and secretion.

What are transitional?

Changes shape depending on the degree of stretch (ex: lining the urinary bladder).

What are specialized epithelia- goblet cells?

Modified simple columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus. (ex: goblet cells are a modified form of simple columnar epithelial cells in skin, lung, and intestinal tissues).

What are connective tissue?

Supports, connects, and separates different tissues and organs in the body.

What is the structure of connective tissue?

They have extracellular matrix(ECM): which are cells that are embedded in a collagen-rich intercellular material.

What is the function of connective tissue?

Binding organs together, providing elasticity, providing water and salts to tissues, and serving as a place to dispose of waste.

What are the types of connective tissue?

Adipose tissue, areolar tissue.

What are adipose tissue?

Stores fat for energy, insulation, and protection. (Fills up space between organs and tissues and provides structural and metabolic support).

What are areolar tissue?

A loose connective tissue that binds organs together and provides elasticity. (Also known as a loose connective tissue).

What are the special connective tissue?

Cartilage, bone, blood.

What are cartilage?

Provides support and flexibility.

What are the three types of cartilage?

Hyaline (Firm but flexible, ex: in the trachea). Fibrocartilage (Tough and resistant to compression ex: in the intervertebral discs). Elastic (Flexible and able to return to its original shape ex: in the ear). Elastic cartilage is enriched in elastin fibers and is often associated with vibrational functions (sound wave production and collection).

What do all cartilage types contain?

Chondrocyte cells which are responsible for producing and remodeling cartilage. The chondrocytes are housed in small cavities called lacuane.

What are bones?

Hardened connective tissue that provides support and protection. Maintained by bone cells called osteocytes that live in cavities called lacuane.

What is blood?

A fluid connective tissue that transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste products. Blood cells are not associated with ECM, enabling them to freely circulate about the body. Red blood cells (Erythocytes) and white blood cells (Leukocytes).

What are muscle tissue?

Specialized for contraction, enabling movement.

What is the structure of muscle tissue?

All muscle cells are specialized for contraction and all work on the same principle: ATP-powered sliding filaments. All possess electrically excitable membranes, and almost all can generate action potentials.

What are the types of muscle tissue?

Smooth, cardiac, skeletal.

What is smooth muscle?

Involuntary muscle found in the walls of internal organs (ex: digestive tract). It's found in the viscera of the digestive, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive systems, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc).

What is cardiac muscle?

Involuntary muscle found in the heart. Are joined to one another via intercalated discs.

What is skeletal muscle?

Voluntary muscle attached to bones, responsible for movement. Made up of cylindrical, multinucleated cells called myocytes or myofibers.

What is nervous tissue?

Specialized for communication and control.

What are the key features of nervous tissue?

Specialized for conducting and transmitting electrochemically medicated information.

What are the types of nervous tissue?

Neurons, glia.

What are neurons?

Transmit electrical signals (nerve impulses). Form functional units of the nervous system and are electrically excitable cells whose membranes can undergo changes in charge.

What are glia?

Support, insulate, and protects neurons. Also known as Neuroglia.