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operant conditioning
learning to associate behavior with its consequences ( reinforcements or punishments )
law of effect
if the consequences of behavior are pleasant(reinforced), the behavior will be strengthened. if the consequences are unpleasant(punished), the behavior will be weakened.
shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer toward the desired goal. successive approximations of the desired behavior(behavior that is more and more similar to the goal) are reinforced.
reinforcement
anything that makes a behavior more likely to occur
positive reinforcement
addition of something pleasant
negative reinforcement
removal of something unpleasant
primary reinforcement
those innately satisfying rewards, satisfies a biological need
secondary reinforcer
something that one learns is reinforcing because it is associated with a primary reinforcer
punishment
anything that makes behavior less likely to occur
positive punishment
the addition of something unpleasant
negative punishment
the removal of something pleasant
reinforcement discrimination
reinforcing behavior in the presence of one stimulus but not others
reinforcement generalization
a behavior that was reinforced in the presence of one stimulus is demostrated in the presence of other,similar stimuli
superstitious behaviors
occurs when consequences reinforce unrelated behaviors
learned helplessness
animals that have no way to stop a punishment will learn that they cannot dtop the punishment and will stop trying
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing desired behavior every time it occurs
partial reinforcement
reinforcing response only part of the time
Note 
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