Ap psych modules 1-5 pa

Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic

unconscious impulses drives influence and our behaviors - Sigmund Freud

Behaviorism

rewards and punishments have shaped all of our observable behaviors (no free will, all behaviors have a direct correlation with your past) - Watson, Pavlov, Skinner

Humanism

all humans are born good and become self-actualized (free will, no predetermination, reach their full potential) - Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Cognitive Psychology

how thought processes influence our feelings and behaviors (can change how we think and control what affects us)- Aaron Beck and Albert Bandera

Bio-psychology

looks at genetic factors and chemicals in the body to explain behavior (medical)

Socio-Cultural Psychology

An understanding of human behavior and personality can be developed by examining the rules of the social groups individuals are part of (role determines behaviors and when people are given power, they are evil) - Philip Zimbardo, Stanley Milgram

Evolutionary Psychology

theoretical approach that attempts to explain useful mental and psychological traits such as memory, perception, or language as adaptations - Charles Darwin

Structuralism

looks at mind’s different structures of consciousness through individual parts - Edward Titchener

• uses introspection (examination of one’s own conscious thoughts but not used today)

Functionalism

how mental and behavioral processes operate as a whole -William James

Gestalt psych

can’t simply separate our conscious and perception into different parts but look at it as a whole experience

Mary Whiton Calkins

first women psych student at Harvard and first female APA prez

Margaret floy washburn

accepted 1st female phd from Harvard

Hindsight bias

“I knew it all along” phenomenon (think they could foresee the future after the fact)

Critical thinking

smart thinking examines assumptions, assesses the source, confirms evidence, assesses conclusions

Theory

explains behaviors by offering ideas that organize what we have observed (explanation for how the world works)

Hypotheses

predictions that specify what results would support the theory

• null: statement saying hypothesis isn’t true, gets rid of bias

Case study

examines an individual or group in-depth but their cases tend to be atypical and not applicable (good stories)

Natural observations

observers record behavior in natural environments, has to be done on children because of…

• Hawthorne: idea that knowing you are part of a study skews results

Survey

looks at many cases in less depth for a representative sample, has to be random sampling for an equal chance of inclusion

• sometimes wording can persuade surveyors so questions need to be written without bias

Applied research

clear, practical applications (can use it)

Basic research

explores questions you may be curious about (can do on animals because it isn’t ethical)