bio lab final

Biological literacy

general fact-based understanding of the basis of biology

• importance - allows us to use the process of scientific inquiry to investigate real-world issues that have biological components, communication, integrate into decision-making

  • dynamic : continuously develop thoughts

primary literature

written by scientist who performed study/experiment, peer review journal

secondary

• relies on primary literature

• ex: articles, textbook and manuals

  • references are primary literature

tertiary literature

• geared toward scientist in different disciplines orson-scientific audiences

  • relies on primary and secondary

  • ex: textbooks

grey literature

scientific info that isn’t published in an easily accessible area

• academic papers

impact number

• measure importance of scientific journal

3 main branches of science

physical, earth, life

independent variable

what you manipulate , x axis

dependent variable

what you measure on the y axis

standardized variable

remain the same between groups

positive control

group in experiment that is given a treatment w a known outcome

negative control

group given no special treatment, not expected to change

- independent variable is elimated

• ind variable is the standard

scientific method

make an observation, form a hypothesis, make a prediction, perform experiment, draw conclusions, make revisions

null hypothesis

try to reject, no association or difference between 2 variable

alt hypothesis

complements null, no difference between two variables

discovery science

• no experiment or hypothesis, documentation of natural process or characteristics, applied at any level of biological study

  • ex: taking measurements of lengths

  • discovering fossils

hypothesis based science

use scientific method, hypothesis and conclusion

population

a group of individuals within the same speicies

• able to produce viable offspring

• fitness reproduction and passing of traits ( good traits passed on, more offspring → higher fitness bc traits can be passed down

  • finches (beaks)

ecomorph

• organisms grouped based on niche and morphology

phylogenic species concept

a group of orgs that share a common ancestor

biological species concept

a group of organisms that can inbreed and produce fertile offspring

systematics

study of organisms & classifying them based on relationships to other species

adaptive radiation

mechanism for speciation by allowing species to adapt tp their specific habitat

clade

• group of organisms that evolved from a common ancestor

  • each node represents a common ancestor

2 branches sharing the same node are ….

sister taxa

node

• represents a common ancestor

niche

role an organism plays in a community

outgroups

least in common with the rest of the tree

NA

grows basically anything

EMB

intestinal bacteria

• turns dark purple

MAC

gram negative intestinal bacteria

• turns pink

PDA

• fungi, yeast, mold

binary fission

bacteria grows & reproduces

binary fission steps

1. cell enlarges and DNA replicated

2. cell wall & membrane pinch in separating DNA copings

3. cell separate and 2 new cells are formed

gram + bacteria

thick layer of peptigoglycam with no outer membrane

gram - bacteria

thin layer of peptidoglycan with an outer lipid membrane

symbiotic relationship

close, longterm, relationship between 2 organisms,s of different species

mutualistic

both benefit

commensalism

one benefits, other is unaffected

parasitism

one benefits, one is harmed

opportunistic

for pathogens: take any opportunity to grow beyond the body’s tolerance

antibiotics

inhibit growth of bacteria but resistance is becoming major health issue due to not finishing antibiotic dosage + bacteria swaps genetic material rapidly between each other

euk vs prokaryotic

euk has nucleus, prokaryote has no nucleus

(microscopes) - light

most widely used, glass lens and light

• ex: compound and dissecting

(microscopes) electron

greater magnification with beam of electrons controlled by electromagnets

scanning + tunneling microscopes

minute probe to scan across a surface, very small scale → level of atoms

know the parts of the microscope

abstract:

brief summary, purpose significance, 250-300 words, purpose, how experiment was conducted, significant results, the importance of results

intro:

background info, developments in the field, research question, happiness, objectives

methods

how the research was conducted

Results:

describes patterns, not every data port, table /graph, mort significard results, not interpretaton

discussion

1. interpretation, comparison to previous work, restate hypothesis, Strengins a weakness

works cited

ALWAYS paraphrase

paired t-test

• samples are related -before and after manipulation
  ex: before after studying for test

• unpaired t-test:

• independenst samples
  ex: test score of different classes

• Homologous

may look similar or different on the OUTSIDE, but the underlying structure is the same

• if they look different its because they are adapted for different purposes

similar traits derived from a common ancestor

• divergence

  • ex: arm bones

analogous

similar structure and function but no common ancestor

• independent

  • bird wings and bat wings

outgroup

• Shares no derived characteristic w/ rest of cladogram

clhadogram

• related using morphology & derived characteristics

phylogenetic tree

relation based on evolutionary time & genetics

Polygamous

• one parent invests in offspring, other parent competes for more

seval dimorphism:

• physical difference between sexes (size, color, body stricture

Monogamous

both parens invest equally

serial monogamous:

different partners over lifetime

Producers:

photosynthers, plants, most biomass

Primary consumer

herbivore - eat producers

secondary consumer

omnivore/ carnivore

Tertiary consumer

• Carnivore, top of food cham → apex predator

Decomposer:

• break down waste & dead organisms

community

interacting group of various species in a common location

symbiotic relations, abiotic, how different species internet wl each other

lab 10: hypothesis

amount/avallability of vegetation controls herbivore numbers which control predators

Greenworld hypothesis

• predators keep herbivores in check

iunc redlist order

• least concern

• near threatened

• vulnerable

• endangered

• critically endangers

• extinct in wild

• extinct

bolded are the highest risk

ecological value

• loss of species causes less production environments, ero services, less resilient, mess up the fragile food chain/web

economic

eco services produce goods and services

cultural and ethic valve

• (cultures, religron, restnetic, intruistic value)

organisms require food water, shelter, place to ……

breed