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Biological literacy
general fact-based understanding of the basis of biology
importance - allows us to use the process of scientific inquiry to investigate real-world issues that have biological components, communication, integrate into decision-making
dynamic : continuously develop thoughts
primary literature
written by scientist who performed study/experiment, peer review journal
secondary
relies on primary literature
ex: articles, textbook and manuals
references are primary literature
tertiary literature
geared toward scientist in different disciplines orson-scientific audiences
relies on primary and secondary
ex: textbooks
grey literature
scientific info that isn’t published in an easily accessible area
academic papers
impact number
measure importance of scientific journal
3 main branches of science
physical, earth, life
independent variable
what you manipulate , x axis
dependent variable
what you measure on the y axis
standardized variable
remain the same between groups
positive control
group in experiment that is given a treatment w a known outcome
negative control
group given no special treatment, not expected to change
- independent variable is elimated
ind variable is the standard
scientific method
make an observation, form a hypothesis, make a prediction, perform experiment, draw conclusions, make revisions
null hypothesis
try to reject, no association or difference between 2 variable
alt hypothesis
complements null, no difference between two variables
discovery science
no experiment or hypothesis, documentation of natural process or characteristics, applied at any level of biological study
ex: taking measurements of lengths
discovering fossils
hypothesis based science
use scientific method, hypothesis and conclusion
population
a group of individuals within the same speicies
able to produce viable offspring
fitness reproduction and passing of traits ( good traits passed on, more offspring → higher fitness bc traits can be passed down
finches (beaks)
ecomorph
organisms grouped based on niche and morphology
phylogenic species concept
a group of orgs that share a common ancestor
biological species concept
a group of organisms that can inbreed and produce fertile offspring
systematics
study of organisms & classifying them based on relationships to other species
adaptive radiation
mechanism for speciation by allowing species to adapt tp their specific habitat
clade
group of organisms that evolved from a common ancestor
each node represents a common ancestor
2 branches sharing the same node are ….
sister taxa
node
represents a common ancestor
niche
role an organism plays in a community
outgroups
least in common with the rest of the tree
NA
grows basically anything
EMB
intestinal bacteria
turns dark purple
MAC
gram negative intestinal bacteria
turns pink
PDA
fungi, yeast, mold
binary fission
bacteria grows & reproduces
binary fission steps
cell enlarges and DNA replicated
cell wall & membrane pinch in separating DNA copings
cell separate and 2 new cells are formed
gram + bacteria
thick layer of peptigoglycam with no outer membrane
gram - bacteria
thin layer of peptidoglycan with an outer lipid membrane
symbiotic relationship
close, longterm, relationship between 2 organisms,s of different species
mutualistic
both benefit
commensalism
one benefits, other is unaffected
parasitism
one benefits, one is harmed
opportunistic
for pathogens: take any opportunity to grow beyond the body’s tolerance
antibiotics
inhibit growth of bacteria but resistance is becoming major health issue due to not finishing antibiotic dosage + bacteria swaps genetic material rapidly between each other
euk vs prokaryotic
euk has nucleus, prokaryote has no nucleus
(microscopes) - light
most widely used, glass lens and light
ex: compound and dissecting
(microscopes) electron
greater magnification with beam of electrons controlled by electromagnets
scanning + tunneling microscopes
minute probe to scan across a surface, very small scale → level of atoms
know the parts of the microscope
abstract:
brief summary, purpose significance, 250-300 words, purpose, how experiment was conducted, significant results, the importance of results
intro:
background info, developments in the field, research question, happiness, objectives
methods
how the research was conducted
Results:
describes patterns, not every data port, table /graph, mort significard results, not interpretaton
discussion
interpretation, comparison to previous work, restate hypothesis, Strengins a weakness
works cited
ALWAYS paraphrase
paired t-test
samples are related -before and after manipulation
ex: before after studying for test
unpaired t-test:
independenst samples
ex: test score of different classes
Homologous
may look similar or different on the OUTSIDE, but the underlying structure is the same
if they look different its because they are adapted for different purposes
similar traits derived from a common ancestor
divergence
ex: arm bones
analogous
similar structure and function but no common ancestor
independent
bird wings and bat wings
outgroup
Shares no derived characteristic w/ rest of cladogram
clhadogram
related using morphology & derived characteristics
phylogenetic tree
relation based on evolutionary time & genetics
Polygamous
one parent invests in offspring, other parent competes for more
seval dimorphism:
physical difference between sexes (size, color, body stricture
Monogamous
both parens invest equally
serial monogamous:
different partners over lifetime
Producers:
photosynthers, plants, most biomass
Primary consumer
herbivore - eat producers
secondary consumer
omnivore/ carnivore
Tertiary consumer
Carnivore, top of food cham → apex predator
Decomposer:
break down waste & dead organisms
community
interacting group of various species in a common location
symbiotic relations, abiotic, how different species internet wl each other
lab 10: hypothesis
amount/avallability of vegetation controls herbivore numbers which control predators
Greenworld hypothesis
predators keep herbivores in check
iunc redlist order
least concern
near threatened
vulnerable
endangered
critically endangers
extinct in wild
extinct
bolded are the highest risk
ecological value
loss of species causes less production environments, ero services, less resilient, mess up the fragile food chain/web
economic
eco services produce goods and services
cultural and ethic valve
(cultures, religron, restnetic, intruistic value)
organisms require food water, shelter, place to ……
breed