Microbiology Unit 2 Metabolism and Classification Test 24-25

Photoheterotroph

Organism using light and organic compounds for energy.

Photoautotroph

Organism using light and CO2 for energy.

Chemoautotroph

Organism using inorganic substances for energy.

Chemoheterotroph

Organism using organic compounds for energy and carbon.

Spirit Blue Agar

Medium used to test bacterial lipase activity.

Exoenzymes

Enzymes secreted to break down macromolecules externally.

Anaerobic Respiration

Energy production without oxygen.

Fermentation

Metabolic process converting sugars to acids or alcohol.

Oxidation

Loss of electrons or increase in oxidation state.

Reduction

Gain of electrons or decrease in oxidation state.

Electron Transport System

Series of proteins transferring electrons to generate ATP.

Biochemical Test

Test determining specific enzymatic activity of microbes.

Nucleic-Acid Hybridization

Technique to identify DNA/RNA sequences.

Serological Testing

Detection of antibodies or antigens in samples.

Phage Typing

Identifying bacteria based on susceptibility to phages.

DNA Fingerprinting

Technique for identifying individuals based on DNA.

Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Analysis

Method for bacterial identification using fatty acids.

Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

Technique for detecting specific nucleic acids in cells.

Direct ELISA Test

Test detecting antigens in a sample using antibodies.

Krebs Cycle

Series of reactions generating energy in aerobic respiration.

Common Ancestor

Most recent species from which others evolved.

Archaea

live in extreme environments, thermophiles, halofiles, extremophiles

Antigen

Substance that induces an immune response.

antibodies

against a pathogen found in a patient's blood

Agglutination

Clumping of microorganisms or blood cells, typically due to an antigen-antibody interaction.

ELISA

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, serological test to identify organisms based on antibody-antigen reactions

Western blot

a test that detects antibodies and confirms the results of earlier ELISA

Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Analysis

technique in which the microbe's fatty acids are extracted, converted to volatile methyl esters, and analyzed by gas chromatography, yielding chromatograms that may be compared to reference data for identification purposes

Flow cytometry

Uses differences in electrical conductivity between species or fluorescence

DNA fingerprinting

analysis of fragments of DNA as a form of identification

Ribotyping: rRNA Analysis

The 16S ribosomal RNA sequence is highly conserved across species and evolutionary time. This makes it possible for microbial identification.

DNA chips

microarrays of many different DNA samples from different speciers arranged on a glass plate, unknown DNA will hybridize with complementary DNA

Fluorescent in situ hybridization

fluorescent dye stains microbes in situ, DNA probe reacts with target DNA

bacteriophage

that can infect a particular bacterial strain

Phage typing

Identification of bacterial species and strains by determining their susceptibility to various phages.

Nucleic acid hybridization

can identify organisms based on the fact that the strands of DNA can be separated, a chromosome is composed of complementary strands, and pairing between complementary bases occurs.

serological bacterial identification test

requires antiserum containing antibodies that will bind to the bacterium to be identified.

urease test

is used to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis because M. tuberculosis produces urease.

TSI agar test

detects glucose fermentation, H2S production, sucrose fermentation, and acid production.

indole test

helps to identify bacteria based on the ability to break down the amino acid tryptophan.

Voges Proskauer test

helps to identify bacteria based on the ability to produce neutral products.

Nitrate reduction test

After addition of reagents A and B, red shows reduction to NO2, if negative ,add zinc, red means NO3 still present, therefore reduction is negative

Simmons citrate test

the principle behind the color change is that bacteria that can utilize citrate raise the pH, causing the green agar to turn blue.

oxidase test

measures the presence of cytochrome c enzyme in the electron transport chain.

SIM agars

helps to identify the production of H2S, the ability to produce acidic products, and motility.

Mannitol salt agar

is selective for gram positive bacteria.

MacConkey agar

is selective for gram negative bacteria.

hemolysis on blood agar

can occur in three ways: alpha, beta, and gamma hemolysis.

alpha hemolysis

is characterized by partial lysis.

beta hemolysis

is characterized by complete lysis.

gamma hemolysis

is characterized by no lysis.

cladogram

is used to show evolutionary relationships among organisms.

dichotomous key

is used for identifying organisms based on characteristics.