Anthropology unit 4

reciprocity

a form of transfer that has specific expectations of give-and-take, is infused with cultural meanings, and depends on the social relationship between participants.

exchange system

governs how materials, services, symbols, and ideas are transferred between people or groups.

generalized reciprocity

involves no expectation of direct payback

balanced reciprocity

involves expectation of payback of equivalent value

barter

system of direct exchange of goods or services without use of money, balanced

negative reciprocity

one party benefits more than the other

social insurance

is an arrangement where people can store obligations to reciprocate favors or gifts in long standing relationships

commodification

something that was previously unable to be sold becomes saleable

merchant capitalism

long distance trade for acquisition, movement, and sale of raw materials

chattel slavery

a person is legally transformed into a commodity that can be owned and sold

common-pool resource institution

a group of people communally own clearly delineated resources (common-pool resources) and collectively make and enforce rules to protect and distribute the resources

private property regime

governance arrangement in which resources are individually owned, excludable, and tradable

industrial capitalism

used private ownership, wealth accumulation, mechanized production, and new wage-labor arrangements to create profits

means of production

the resources a society uses to produce goods and services

neoliberalism

is the system of government in which service provision moves from public to market sectors, and resource ownership and control moves from public to private sphere. views people as consumers not citizens who are entitled to services and has responsibilities

deindustrialization

the decline of the manufacturing sector and related social, cultural, and economic changes

postindustrial capitalism

market-based exchange system that uses knowledge, communications, and services to produce products

cultural capital

a set of beliefs and behaviors that can be mobilized to help people enhance their social or economic status

body projects

attempts to construct and maintain a desired social identity through attention to the form of the body

bounded rationality

the idea that humans make economic choices that are rational given specific social context, cultural values, and access to information

Redistribution

a form of economic exchange designed to centralize goods and services and then distribute them out in new patterns.

socialism

a range of redistributive economies with the basic feature of partially or fully communal ownership and control of resources.

food sovereignty

the right of people to control how food is produced and to produce healthy and culturally valued foods

subsistence society

provides the basic only material necessities for survival

moral economy

shared justice norms that uphold a right to subsistence and survival, economic practices, such as reciprocity, that uphold the justice norms, social pressure mechanisms such as gossip or protest to enforce justice norms

rotating credit associations

long standing, help people get established as entrepreneurs in the formal economy, especially those who are unbanked and working mainly in the informal economy

worker cooperatives

businesses that are owned and run by the workers. These cooperatives may exhibit enhanced worker productivity and greater employee satisfaction compared to traditional business models.

solidarity economy

an approach designed to put people over profit

ethnomusicology

study music as a reflection of culture and investigate the act of music-making through various immersive, observational, and analytical approaches

language

systematic symbol based signaling system

language ideology

the ideas and beliefs about language and language producers that vary across time, people, and place

semiotics

the study of the way that symbols including words make meaning

language varity

form of a given language that is used regularly by users within a society

articulators

speech producing anatomy such as tongue, teeth, and alveolar ridge

visual articulators are hands, body, and face in 3-d

phonological rules

govern how sounds and signs are combined to make a specific language

constituents

combine with others to make up the grammar of the language (subjects and verbs)

rules of a language

systematized pattern of use that is learned as a language is acquired, mostly untaught

Mainstream White American English (MWAE)

used in place of “standard english” to prevent classism

variable

linguistic element that varies based on other linguistic elements but also on social contexts

black language

includes English words with Africanized semantic, syntactic, morphological, phonological, and rhetorical patterns originating in the experiences of U.S. slave descendants.

indexicality

refers to the meaning of a terms in a language relying on the knowledge of the context in which the language occurred

icon

signifier that resembles the concept

index

signifier that provides evidence of something being represented but not present

symbol

signifier with no physical resemblance

encoding

converts meaning into signs

decoding

converts signs to symbols

arbitrariness

symbols that have no inherent connection to their meaning

petroglyph

image carved on rock

origin myth

shared sacred stories to explain our origin

oral traditions

passed down through generations using stories, songs, signs, etc.

situated knowledge

reflects the contexts in which meanings are produced and applied

speech act theory

language does not just present information but also performs action

Each statement is composed of three components: What was said, What was done, and What was (potentially) accomplished

register

cluster of language features that reflect or create specific social contexts

language as social organization

gossip communicates and perpetuates social norms, language helps define appropriate behavior in social contexts, in group vs out group distinctions are created, who controls language access has power

monolungualism

regular use of only one language

multiligualism

regular use of many languages

languaging

overs all language activities including speaking, hearing, signing, interpreting, reading, writing, and understanding.

circulating discourse

ways that an idea or belief that moves around communities through language is described

linguistic relativity

the idea that language is a catalyst for a shift in people’s perspective

evidentiality

a piece of language that indicates how something is known, some languages require you to imply how you know that information

McGurk effect

the perception that results when we hear a sound or a stream of language while viewing an image we associate with a different sound or language

raciolinguistics

the study of how language ideologies produce racial difference and ideologies of racial difference produce linguistic differences.

racialization

the categorization of people into established racial typologies

linguistic prejudice

biases or judgements about people based on their language including the way they speak

code-switching

refers to moving between two or more language varieties in the same stream of language

linguistic profiling

refers to extrapolating information about a person based on the way that they speak or sign

anti-racism

the process of overturning enthrenched structural sources of racism

disamenity

includes environmental hazards or other unwanted or unpleasant environmental features that reduces quality of life for residents.

minoritize

the denial of equitable access to power, wealth, or resources within a society to a group of people

structural racism

s the system of inequality, often state- sanctioned and created historically, that builds on the belief that people can be classified into distinctive, separate groups on the basis of ancestry or visible body characteristics and that these typologies reflect meaningful biological differences, justifying the belief that members of some groups are superior or inferior to others

oppressive system

permits one group to impose their will upon others in malicious or unjust ways

racialized system

is organized to reflect a racial hierarchy; inequality is embedded in the society, and people are rewarded or oppressed on the basis of their place within it

typology

a system imposed to categorize objects together on the basis of specific similarities, emphasizing what is typical or average for each category

scientific racism

refers to misinterpretation or use of misleading scientific evidence to justify and support racism

typological thinking

assumes that certain traits represent a specific racial phenotype, leads to misclassification of individual based on selected traits

essentialization

the application of the belied of natural or essential characteristics to culturally define groups of people

early science of race

bioogical race as a concept originated in the age of discovery and enlightenment (1600-1700) reflected moral standards of the time deeply entwined with hierarchy’s and religion

people in race science

Linnaeus- used skin color

Johann Blumenbach- considered 1st physical anthropologist used skull shaped to define 5 races

pseudoscience

may appear to have scientific validity but is not based on rigorous empirical hypothesis testing

craniometry

said skull size was liked to intelligence and other traits

social darwinism

supports eugenics, focusing on manipulating reproduction to increase desirable traits

eugenics

racist effort to improve the genetic quality of human groups by encouraging those socially defined as the best to have more kids and prevent those deemed undesirable from reproducing

physical anthropology

outdated term for biological anthropology, sometimes based in typological approaches to explain human biology

developmental plasticity

is the capacity of the same genotype to produce distinct phenotypes as a response to the environmental conditions under which developmentoccurs

health disparity

refers to differences in preventable disease, injury, or violence created through social disadvantage.

obstetric racism

refers to the harmful birth experiences due to racist interactions with physicians, nurses, and other medical professionals

racializtion

the categorization of people into established racial typologies within cultural context

ideology

a set of beliefs and practices attached to a group of people that collectively shape a specific worldview, belief system

colorism

social advantage based on how “white” a POC looks

whiteness

a social identity within a hierarchical structure situated as superior to others, associated with lighter skin and benefiting those defined by it with power, privilege, and wealth

ethnonym

name by which a group of people or ethnic group is known

contemporary athropology

increasingly integrates anti-racist efforts into the discipline, aligning social activism with research

prison abolition

a global movement dedicated to eliminating or reducing policing and prisons and replacing this with a system of social services, rehabilitation, and community accountability.

transformative justice

deals with crime by transforming oppression, supporting victims of crime, making perpetrators accountable in a way that is sustainable and affirming to communities, and creating norms and values that resist harm