histology exam 1

sessions 1-4 set | combination of anki/quizlet

What is the first step in preparation of a tissue or organ sample?

Fixation

____ usually by a chemical or mixture of chemicals permanently preserves the tissue structure for subsequent treatments.

Fixation

____ is used for terminating cell metabolism; preventing enzymatic degradation of cells and tissues by autolysis (self-digestion); killing pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses and harden the tissue as a result of either cross-linking or denaturing protein molecules.

Fixation

What is the most commonly used fixative for light microscopy?

Formalin

Does formalin react with lipids?

No

How long does formalin fix tissues?

15 mins - 2 hours

What is the 2nd step of tissue preparation?

DCE (Dehydrating, Clearing, Embedding)

____ dehydrates tissues while ____ clears tissues for wax impregnation.

Alcohol; xylene

____ infiltrates specimen to support tissues and allow for microsome slices.

Molten wax (paraffin)

what is the 3rd step in tissue preparation?

specimen is mounted and stained

true or false: paraffin sections are colorless

true

hematoxylin is more soluble in ____, while eosin is more soluble in ____.

water; alcohol

what stain is this? is it a basic or acidic dye?

hemotoxylin; basic

what stain is this? is it a basic or acidic dye?

eosin; acidic dye

what stain is this?

hemotoxylin and eosin stain

tissues with hemotoxylin affinity stain ____ while tissues with eosin affinity stain ____.

blue; pink

what type of structures can you see with a hemotoxylin stain? what type of structures can you see with a eosin stain?

basophilic; eosinophilic

the ____ stains carbohydrates and carbohydrate-rich macromolecules.

Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) reaction

PAS stains are used to view ____, ____, ____, and ____.

1) glycogen in cells

2) mucus membrane in cells/tissues

3) basement membrane

4) reticular fibers in connective tissue

which stain is most commonly used for light microscopy?

h&e stain

____ are formed when the periodic acid cleaves the bond between adjacent carbon atoms.

aldehyde groups

aldehyde groups react with ____ in the PAS stain to give a characteristic ____ color.

Schiff reagent; magenta

what stain is this?

periodic acid schiff (PAS) stain

____ microscopy is a digital procedure that is an alternative to the examination of glass slides using a light microscope.

virtual

____ is the scientific study of microscopic structures of tissues and organs of the body.

histology

cells can be divided into two major components, what are they?

nucleus and cytoplasm

the ____ stores genetic code

nucleus

the ____ produces DNA and RNA

nucleus

true or false: the nucleus has unidirectional flow

false; it has bidirectional flow

what is this?

nucleus

what is this?

nuclear lamina

where are organelles located

cytoplasm

where is the cytoskeleton located?

cytoplasm

where are inclusions (non-living accumulations in a cell like nutrients/pigments) located?

cytoplasm

true or false: the cytoplasm is a protoplasm that surrounds the nucleus and contains structures to provide absorption

true

____ contain products of metabolic activity of the cell and consist largely of lipofuscin (wear-tear pigment) granules, lipid droplets, and glycogen

inclusions

true or false: the plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer

true

true or false: the plasma membrane is a selective barrier for the transport of material in and out

true

the ____ is an amphipathic lipid bilayered structure visible with the transmission electron microscope

plasma membrane

what type of microscopy is used to view the plasma membrane?

transmission electron microscopy

what is this? what are the dark edges supposed to depict

apical microvili; plasma membrane

____ represent microdomains in the plasma membrane that contain high concentrations of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids

lipid rafts

____ surround cells found between or among cells of any structure

intercellular materials

the function of intercellular materials include ____ and ____.

form nutrients; take up waste

the 3 types of intercellular materials are ____, ____, and ____.

1) soft

2) hard

3) intermediary

what type of intercellular material are cartilage, adipose, and teeth respectively?

cartilage - intermediary

adipose - soft

teeth - hard

what do the arrows represent in this image?

nuclear pore complex

where is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

nucleolus

true or false: the nucleolus is involved with regulation of the cell cycle

true

true or false: the nucleolus contains nuclear RNA

true

ribosomal assembly starts in the ____ of the ____.

granular material; nucleolus

true or false: the nucleoli direct protein synthesis via rRNA

true

what is this?

nucleolus

About how many nucleoli are there in an nucleus?

1-4

what is this?

rough endoplasmic reticulum

where is the site of production of protein?

rough ER

the ____ modifies, stores, and transports proteins to the golgi

rough ER

the ____ is the site of protein synthesis and posttranslational modification of newly synthesized proteins

rough ER

the rough ER is visible in light microscopy as a ____ region

basophilic (ergastoplasm)

true or false: the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is not associated with ribosomes

true

what is this?

golgi apparatus

what is this?

golgi cisternae

true or false: PTM of newly synthesized proteins occur in the rER and is continued in the golgi apparatus therefore PTMs occur in both rER and golgi

true

the ____ represent a series of stacked, flattened cisternae and functions in the posttranslational modificaiton, sorting, and packaging of proteins

golgi apparatus

the golgi apparatus sends proteins to four major destinations. what are they?

1) apical and basolateral plasma membrane

2) endosomes

3) lysosomes

4) apical cytoplasm

lysosomal production occurs in the ____.

golgi apparatus

lysosomes are protective structures prominent in ____ and ____.

macrophages; leukocytes

true or false: lysosomes are membrane bound

true

lysosomes are resistant to digestion

true

____ use digestive and hydrolytic enzymes like hyaluronidase.

lysosomes

what do lysosomes develop from?

endosomes

____ are digestive organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes that degrade substances derived from endocytosis and from the cell itself.

lysosomes

what is this? what do the dark circles represent?

smooth ER; glycogen particles

apoptosis is regulated by which organelle

mitochondria

____ are elongated, mobile organelles that contain the ETC.

mitochondria

what is this?

mitochondria

what are the two types of cell death?

necrosis and apoptosis

____ is the result of acute cell injury while ____ is a programmed cell death.

necrosis; apoptosis

____ occurs under normal physiologic conditions to eliminate defective or senescent cells without inflammatory response by the tissue

apoptosis

true or false: apoptosis is a physiological process

true

what type of cell death is this? what does AB stand for?

apoptosis; apoptotic bodies

list 5 examples where necrosis can occur

1) hypoxia

2) hypothermia

3) radiation

4) low pH

5) cell trauma

necrosis is a ____ process while apoptosis is ____ process.

pathologic; physiologic

what type of technique is used to visualize membrane proteins?

free fracture techniques

what are four nonmembraneous organelles?

1) microtubules

2) filaments

3) centrioles

4) ribosomes

what is this?

microtubules

what is this?

microtubules

what is this?

centrioles

____ are responsible for forming/maintaining cytoskeleton and cell motility.

microtubules

____ form basal bodies of cilia.

centrioles

____ are paired, short rod-like cytoplasmic cylinders built from nine microtubule triplets | focal point for MTOC, basal bodies for cilia and flagella, align mitotic spindle

centrioles

____ form tracts for intercellular and extracellular transport.

microtubules

____ are responsible for cell strength and cell to extracellular matrix attachment (focal adhesions).

actin filaments

____ synthesize proteins that remain in the cell as cytoplasmic structures

free ribosomes

cells —> ____ —> organs —> organ systems

tissues

cells —> tissues —> ____ —> organ systems

organs

cells —> tissues —> organs —> ____

organ systems

____ —> tissues —> organs —> organ systems

cells

what is this?

apoptosis

what is this?

DNA fragmentation