Urban issues and challenges and changing economic world

Brownfield site

Land that has been used, abandoned and now awaits some new use, commonly found across urban areas.

Dereliction

Abandoned buildings and wasteland.

Economic opportunities

Chances for people to improve their standard of living through employment.

Greenfield site

A plot of land that has not yet been subject to any building development, often found in rural or suburban areas.

Inequalities

Differences in poverty and wealth, as well as in people's wellbeing and access to jobs, housing, and education.

Integrated transport systems

When different transport methods connect to make journeys smoother and more appealing.

Mega-cities

Urban areas with a total population in excess of ten million people.

Migration

The movement of people from one area to another with the intention of settling there.

Natural increase

The birth rate minus the death rate of a population.

Pollution

The presence of harmful chemicals, noise, dirt, or other substances in the environment.

Rural-urban fringe

A zone of transition between built-up areas and the countryside with mixed land uses.

Sanitation

Measures designed to protect public health, including clean water provision and sewage disposal.

Social deprivation

The degree to which individuals or areas lack access to services, decent housing, and employment.

Social opportunities

Chances for people to improve their quality of life, such as access to education and healthcare.

Squatter settlement

An area of poor-quality housing lacking in amenities, developed on land not owned by its occupants.

Sustainable urban living

A sustainable city that minimizes environmental damage and ensures fair allocation of resources.

Traffic congestion

Occurs when the volume of traffic exceeds road capacity, resulting in jams and slow movement.

Urban greening

The process of increasing and preserving open space such as parks and gardens in urban areas.

Urbanisation

The process by which a growing percentage of a population lives in urban areas.

Urban regeneration

The revival of old urban areas through modernization or redevelopment.

Urban sprawl

The unplanned growth of urban areas into surrounding rural land.

Waste recycling

The process of extracting and reusing useful substances from waste.

Birth rate

The number of births per year per 1000 of the total population.

Commonwealth

A voluntary association of 56 independent states, mostly former territories of the British Empire.

Death rate

The number of deaths per year per 1000 of the total population.

De-industrialisation

The decline of traditional manufacturing industries in a country.

Demographic Transition Model

A model showing how populations change in terms of birth rates, death rates, and population size over time.

Development

Progress in terms of economic growth, technology use, and human welfare in a country.

Development gap

The widening difference in standards of living between the richest and poorest countries.

European Union

An international organization aimed at reducing trade barriers among 27 European countries.

Fairtrade

A system ensuring producers in LICs receive fair prices for their goods.

Globalisation

The process that increases the movement of goods and people worldwide.

Gross National Income (GNI)

A measure of economic activity calculated as total national income divided by population size.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A measure of development that combines GDP per capita, life expectancy, and literacy.

Industrial structure

The relative proportion of a workforce employed in various economic sectors.

Infant mortality

The average number of deaths of children under 1 year per 1000 live births per year.

Information technologies

Technologies that speed up communication and information flow, such as the internet and mobile phones.

Intermediate technology

Technology suited to the needs and resources of local people, often simple and easily maintained.

International aid

Support provided by one country to help improve the quality of life in another country.

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live.

Literacy rate

The percentage of people who can read and write at a basic level.

Microfinance loans

Very small loans provided to people in LICs to help start small businesses.

North-south divide (UK)

Economic and cultural differences between Southern and Northern England.

Post-industrial economy

An economy where most employment is in service industries rather than manufacturing.

Science and business parks

Purpose-built areas for offices and warehouses, often located near universities.

Service industries (tertiary industries)

Economic activities that provide various services, such as education and entertainment.

Trade

The buying and selling of goods and services between countries.

Transnational Corporation (TNC)

A company with operations in multiple countries, often with well-known brands.