Psychology Review Flashcards

Flashcards from lecture notes

Source Amnesia

Forgetting who told you something or where you heard it.

Misinformation Effect

Distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformation.

Framing

The way a question is framed impacts how information is recalled/perceived.

Imagination Inflation

People are more confident an event happened after imagining it, even if it didn't.

Anterograde Amnesia

Amnesia moves forward, forgetting new information.

Retrograde Amnesia

Amnesia moves backwards, forgetting old information.

G Factor

General intelligence underlies all mental abilities.

Multiple Intelligences

Intelligence has many types, not just math/language.

Chronological Age

Actual age.

Mental Age

Tested age compared to others of that age.

Psychometrics

Field of psychology & education for creating tests.

Standardization

Test is given using consistent procedures/environments and graded the same.

Reliability

Tests should give the same results over time (consistent).

Split-Half Reliability

Comparing two halves of a test.

Test-Retest Reliability

Using the same test on two different occasions.

Validity

Test is accurate and measures what it is intended to.

Construct Validity

Test measures what you want it to (an IQ test actually measures IQ).

Predictive Validity

Test can accurately predict a trait (high math scores predicts good engineer).

Aptitude Test

Predicts your abilities to learn a new skill.

Achievement Test

Tests what you know.

Eugenics

Study of how to improve the gene pool by discouraging individuals from reproducing.

Culture-Fair Tests

IQ tests focus on non-language skills and minimize cultural-specific questions.

Stereotype Threat

Risk of conforming to the negative stereotype about your group influences behaviors and cognitions.

Stereotype Lift

Doing better on a test when comparing self to other groups with negative stereotypes.

Flynn Effect

IQ has steadily risen over the past 80 years, likely due to education standards and healthcare.

Fixed Mindset

Belief that intelligence is fixed from birth, leading to less effort.

Growth Mindset

Belief you can develop abilities through work and determination, leading to more effort.

Cross-Sectional Study

Studies people of different ages at the same point in time.

Longitudinal Study

Studies the same people over time.

Teratogens

External agents that can cause abnormal prenatal development.

Maturation

Natural course of development that occurs no matter what.

Gross Movement

Large muscles, strength, and coordination (walking).

Fine Movement

Small muscles, precision, and controlled (writing).

Reflexes

Innate responses we're born with that go away with time.

Rooting Reflex

Turning of face towards a finger when touched on the cheek (food response).

Critical Period

Limited time where something HAS to be developed or it won't happen.

Imprinting

Birds believe the first thing they see after hatching is mom.

Primary Sex Characteristics

Necessary structures for reproduction (ovaries, testicles, vagina, penis).

Menarche

First period.

Spermarche

First release of sperm.

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Nonreproductive characteristics that develop during puberty (breasts, hips, deepening of voice, body hair).

Schemas

Frameworks that organize information.

Assimilation

Incorporate new information into an existing schema.

Accommodation

Adjust existing schemas to incorporate new information.

Object Permanence

Objects when removed from field of view are thought to disappear

Conservation

Recognize that substances remain the same despite changes in shape, length, or position

Reversibility

Cannot do reverse operations

Egocentrism

Inability to distinguish one's own perspective from another's

Theory of Mind

People's beliefs, intentions, emotions are their own

Animism

Believe artificial objects have thoughts/feelings

Zone of Proximal Development

Gap between what a child can do on their own and with support.

Crystallized Intelligence

Facts and prior learning/experiences; increases with age.

Fluid Intelligence

Ability to learn new things, reaction times, abstract thinking & quick problem-solving; decreases with age.

Dementia

Loss of cognitive function, resulting in emotional and behavioral changes.

Language

Shared system of symbols that operate by rules and is infinite.

Phonemes

Smallest unit of sound.

Morpheme

Smallest unit that carries meaning.

Grammar

Rules in a language that enable us to communicate.

Semantics

Set of rules by which we derive meaning.

Syntax

Rules for combining words into sentences.

Temperament

Patterns of emotional reactions in babies that impacts attachment.

Attachment

Determines your attachment style.

Authoritarian Parenting

Rules & obedience, 'my way or the highway'.

Permissive Parenting

Kids do whatever, no rules.

Authoritative Parenting

Give and take with kids; best type.

Imaginary Adience

Believe others are constantly watching them

Personal Fable

Belief you are special/unique/invincible.

Social Clock

Shared (cultural) expectation of age-appropriate behavior.

Gender Roles

Expected behaviors (norms) for men/women due to cultural influence.

Erikson's Socioemotional Development

Each stage represents a crisis that must be resolved, resulting in competence or weakness.

Marcia's Identity Theory

Classifies identity development based on exploration and commitment.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Stressful/traumatic events during childhood that impact relationships and health.

Ecological Systems Theory

Framework for understanding how a child's environment impacts development.

Classical Conditioning

Explains involuntary behaviors and emotions through associations.

Operant Conditioning

Explains voluntary behavior resulting from consequences.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Causes response without needing to be learned.

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Response that naturally occurs without training.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Thing that now brings about a response.

Conditioned Response (CR)

Response after conditioning, following a CS.

Acquisition

Process of learning the response pairing.

Extinction

Previously conditioned response dies out over time.

Spontaneous Recovery

After a period of time, the CR comes back out of nowhere.

Generalization

CR to like stimuli.

Discrimination

Cr to ONLY the CS.

Higher Order Conditioning

When the original CS is paired with a second thing and becomes a new CS.

Law of Effect

Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, negative outcomes weaken a behavior.

Positive Reinforcement

Add something nice to increase a behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

Take away something bad/annoying to increase a behavior.

Primary Reinforcers

Innately satisfying (food and water).

Secondary Reinforcers

Everything else (stickers, high-fives).

Token Reinforcer

Type of secondary that can be exchanged for other stuff.

Positive Punishment

Add something bad to decrease a behavior.

Negative Punishment

Take away something good to decrease a behavior.

Shaping

Use successive approximations to train behavior.

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

Receive reward for every response.

Partial Reinforcement Schedule

Vary how often the response is given; strengthens responses and takes longer to extinguish.

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Reward every X number of responses.

Fixed Interval Schedule

Reward every X amount of time passed.

Variable Ratio Schedule

Rewarded after a random number of responses.

Variable Interval Schedule

Rewarded after a random amount of time has passed.