Causes and Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Agricultural Revolution

Changes in farming methods and techniques

Crop Rotation

A new form of rotating crops to restore nutrients to the soil

Seed Drill

An invention that wasted less seeds by planting in rows

Enclosure Movement

The process of taking over and blocking out land formerly shared by peasant farmers

Increase in Population

More people leading to an increase in demand for goods

Demand for Goods

The want for more goods due to an increase in population

Energy Revolution

An increase in the need for more energy

Water Wheels

Used to power machines in the Energy Revolution

Coal

Used as fuel for the steam engine in the Energy Revolution

Iron

Needed to make machines in the Age of Iron and Coal

Textile Industry

The clothing industry that was the first to industrialize

Domestic System

The old way of making goods in the house by hand

Flying Shuttle

A machine that could weave very quickly

Power Loom

A machine 200 times faster than the flying shuttle

Spinning Jenny

A machine that spun thread faster using muscle power

Water Frame

A machine that could spin 100 threads at once

Cotton Gin

A machine that de-seeded cotton and used water power

Factory System

Expensive machines located in factories owned by the middle class

Assembly Line

A method of rapid production of goods at high quantity and low price

Steam Engine

Replaced water power and allowed factories to be located anywhere

Bessemer Process

A way to make high-quality and low-cost steel

Transportation and Communication

Improvements in roads, canals, railroads, steamships, telegraph, telephone, radio, and airplanes

Capitalism

Private ownership of businesses to make a profit

Socialism

Ownership of factories and businesses by the whole society

Utopians

Idealists who created perfect societies with good living conditions for workers

Communism

Government ownership of all business and property to create an equal society

Utilitarians

Believed in individual freedom and government intervention to improve the lives of the working class

Health Conditions

Poor air quality, unsafe work conditions, and spread of diseases

Unsafe Factories and Mines

Factories and mines with no safety devices, poor ventilation, and accidents

Low Wages

Low pay with no benefits or protections

Long Hours

Working 14-16 hour days, 6 days a week

Child Labor

Children working in factories and mines, often in dangerous conditions

Women in Factories

Women working in factories, paid less than men and with additional family responsibilities

Tenement Housing

Overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions in cities

Pollution

Air, water, and noise pollution due to industrial activities

Positive Results of Industrial Revolution

Mass production, more jobs, more goods available, increased wages, improved standard of living, and eventual reforms

Reforms of the Industrial Revolution

Laws and changes to improve working conditions, education, healthcare, and workers' rights

Labor Unions

Organizations formed by workers to protect their rights and improve working conditions

Labor Party

Political party formed by workers to represent their interests in Parliament