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Cellular respiration deals with the immediate release
False
Glucose → pyruvic acid, ATP, NADH
Glycolysis
Pyruvic acid → ATP, NADH
Krebs cycle
NADH → ATP, H20, CO2, H+ (Proton Gradient)
Electron Transport Chain
What molecule does glycolysis begin with?
glucose
Name the two molecules that produced during glycolysis
Pyruvic acid & ATP
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
cytoplasm
What molecule does the Krebs cycle begin with?
Pyruvic acid
Name the two molecules that are produced during the Krebs cycle.
ATP and NADH (molecule that carries electrons)
Where does the Krebs cycle occur in the cell?
Mitochondria
What molecules are produced during the Electron Transport Chain?
ATP, Water, and CO2
What molecule is used to produce this?
High energy electrons from NADH
Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur in the cell?
Mitochondria
In what part of the mitochondria are the protein complexes found?
inner membrane of the mitochondria
If NADH is the substrate, then what is the product?
If NADH is the substrate, the product is NAD+.
Where do the electrons of NADH go?
The electrons from NADH travel through the electron transport chain (ETC) in the inner mitochondrial membrane, ultimately ending up at oxygen (O2), where they combine with protons (H+) from the surrounding medium to form water (H2O).
Where do the protons go?
The protons (H+) from NADH are pumped across the inner membrane into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient.
Describe the proton gradient
The proton gradient is a buildup of protons on one side of a inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a concentration difference
Where is the proton gradient located in mitochondria?
The proton gradient is located in between the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix
What is ATP synthase?
ATP synthase is an enzyme responsible for producing ATP.
Where is ATP synthase found in mitochondria?
It is found embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
How does ATP synthase make ATP?
ATP synthase makes ATP by using the energy from protons flowing back across the inner mitochondrial membrane to bind ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) together, forming ATP.
What protects the seed?
Seed Coat
What is the purpose of a flower on a plant?
To attract pollinators & Sexual Reproduction
If an animal eats a fruit, what happens to the seed?
It stays intact
True or False: Leaves can be modified based on the environment
True
What is the difference between sepals and petals?
Sepals protect the flower, while petals attract pollinators
True or False: Endosperm gives nutrients to the embryo
True
What is a main function of a stem?
Storing nutrients
What are the ways that seeds spread?
Wind, Scat, and Sticking to fur
What are the parts of a seed?
Seed coat, endosperm, and plant embryo
True or False: Fats are found in roots.
False
What part of the flower develops into a fruit?
The ovary
True or False: Genetic modification is the same as genetic engineering
False
True or False: Root hairs are to roots as villi are to the small intestines
True
Identify two functions of roots.
Anchor the plant to its surface (tap root) and absorbs water and nutrients from the soil (lateral roots w/ root hairs)
What type of food molecule is food in roots?
Starch/carbohydrate
Xylem
transports water and minerals from roots to leaves and flowers
Phloem
carries food made in the leaves through the stems to the roots and other parts of the plant
In what part of the plant does photosynthesis
in leaves primarily
Stamen are the what part of the flower and contain what?
They are the male part of the flower and contain pollen (sperm)
Carpel are the what part of the flower and contains what?
Carpel are the female part of the flower and contains the pollen tube which allows the pollen to travel to the ovary
What gas do plants “breathe” in?
CO2
How do the plants breathe this gas in?
Through the stomata
Glucose has the chemical formula: C6H12O6. What atoms found in glucose are provided by this gas?
C+O
How do plants obtain water?
By their roots
What atoms are found in glucose (C6H12O6). What atoms found in glucose are provided by the water?
H + O
What is the name of the light-absorbing pigment in cholorplasts?
Chlorophyll
What is fiber?
An indigestible micronutrient/material
What foods contain fiber
Any plant
What does our body break starch into?
Glucose
How do our cells use glucose?
To make ATP through cell respiration
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
CO2 + H20 + Sunlight → glucose & O2
What two reactants of the photosynthesis equation are products of cell respiration?
CO2 + H2O
What are the two major reactions that make up photosynthesis?
Light-dependent & light-independent
What is another name for the light-independent reaction?
Calvin cycle
What is the site of the light-dependent reactions?
The thylakoid of cholorplast
What the products of the light dependent reactions?
ATP, NADPH, & O2
What products from the light-dependent reactions are used for the Calvin cycle?
ATP & NADPH
What is the location of the light-independent reactions?
Stroma of chloroplast
What is the source of energy for the Calvin cycle?
ATP
What is the product of the Calvin cycle?
Glucose
Based on the equation of photosynthesis, what is the product from the light-dependent reactions?
O2
Based on the equation of photosynthesis, what is the product from the Calvin cycle?
Glucose
What is the chemical equation for cell respiration?
Glucose + O2 → ATP, CO2 & H20
What two reactants of the cell respiration equation are products of photosynthesis?
Glucose & O2
Insulin is to the ______ as bile is to the ______
Pancreas; liver
What are the characteristics of fiber?
It is a micronutrient, it is cellulose in plants, and it binds to cholesterol and removes it
What protects stomach cells during digestion?
Mucus
Stomata is what to plants?
Pores/Lungs
What do the upper layer of a leaf cells (epidermis) secrete?
a waxy substance called a cuticle
Why do the epidermis cells secrete this?
To prevent water loss
When the stomata closes, it means what?
Not a lot of water is present
When the stomata opens, it means what?
A lot of water is present
Electron Transport Chain characteristics…
Oxygen pulls protons through ATP synthase, the conversion of NADH and NAD+, the accumulation of H+ (proton gradient), occurs in the intermembrane
Which macro-molecule is responsible for disassembling and reassembling?
Proteins
True or False: Protein complexes are found in the matrix of the mitochondria
False
Where are protein complexes found in the mitochondria?
The lining of the intermembrane
Where do electrons of NADH go? Protons also go here.
Protein complexes
What regulates the opening between the esophagus and the stomach, in which it prevents the “back flow” of chyme
Sphincter
Where is bile stored?
Gallbladder
Where is bile secreted?
Liver
What is the function of bile?
Breaking down lipids/fats
True or False: Glycolysis, process of cell respiration, happens in all organism on earth, oxygen or not.
True
What is the enzyme in the mouth that begins immediate digestion of carbohydrates?
Amylase
What is Peristalisis?
a series of involuntary muscle relaxations and contractions that moves food
True or False: Carbon Dioxide is a byproduct of cell respiration
True
What byproducts of cell respiration do we not use?
H2O and CO2
NADH donates what to the Electron Transport Chain?
Electrons and Protons
True or False: The stomach secretes mucus
True
What two tissues of the body system secrete enzymes, which are a part of their chemical digestion
Pancreas & stomach
The electron transport chain produces what?
ATP & Proton gradient
True or False: Without oxygen, no H+ or electron flow since oxygen “catches” the H+ electrons
True
What carbohydrates are more beneficial to our bodies?
Complex
What binds cholesterol and removes it?
Fiber
True or False: Cells do not extract energy to make ATP
False
What is the most immediate source of energy?
Simple carbohydrate
What is found in chyme?
Enzymes, acid, mucus
Binging food and purging can affect/damage what?
The oral cavity and the esophagus
What is the Proton gradient?
The accumulation of H+ in the intermembrane
Note 
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