Biology 1101 Exam 3

Cellular respiration deals with the immediate release

False

Glucose → pyruvic acid, ATP, NADH

Glycolysis

Pyruvic acid → ATP, NADH

Krebs cycle

NADH → ATP, H20, CO2, H+ (Proton Gradient)

Electron Transport Chain

What molecule does glycolysis begin with?

glucose

Name the two molecules that produced during glycolysis

Pyruvic acid & ATP

Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

cytoplasm

What molecule does the Krebs cycle begin with?

Pyruvic acid

Name the two molecules that are produced during the Krebs cycle.

ATP and NADH (molecule that carries electrons)

Where does the Krebs cycle occur in the cell?

Mitochondria

What molecules are produced during the Electron Transport Chain?

ATP, Water, and CO2

What molecule is used to produce this?

High energy electrons from NADH

Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur in the cell?

Mitochondria

In what part of the mitochondria are the protein complexes found?

inner membrane of the mitochondria

If NADH is the substrate, then what is the product?

If NADH is the substrate, the product is NAD+.

Where do the electrons of NADH go?

The electrons from NADH travel through the electron transport chain (ETC) in the inner mitochondrial membrane, ultimately ending up at oxygen (O2), where they combine with protons (H+) from the surrounding medium to form water (H2O).

Where do the protons go?

The protons (H+) from NADH are pumped across the inner membrane into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient.

Describe the proton gradient

The proton gradient is a buildup of protons on one side of a inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a concentration difference

Where is the proton gradient located in mitochondria?

The proton gradient is located in between the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix

What is ATP synthase?

ATP synthase is an enzyme responsible for producing ATP.

Where is ATP synthase found in mitochondria?

It is found embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

How does ATP synthase make ATP?

ATP synthase makes ATP by using the energy from protons flowing back across the inner mitochondrial membrane to bind ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) together, forming ATP.

What protects the seed?

Seed Coat

What is the purpose of a flower on a plant?

To attract pollinators & Sexual Reproduction

If an animal eats a fruit, what happens to the seed?

It stays intact

True or False: Leaves can be modified based on the environment

True

What is the difference between sepals and petals?

Sepals protect the flower, while petals attract pollinators

True or False: Endosperm gives nutrients to the embryo

True

What is a main function of a stem?

Storing nutrients

What are the ways that seeds spread?

Wind, Scat, and Sticking to fur

What are the parts of a seed?

Seed coat, endosperm, and plant embryo

True or False: Fats are found in roots.

False

What part of the flower develops into a fruit?

The ovary

True or False: Genetic modification is the same as genetic engineering

False

True or False: Root hairs are to roots as villi are to the small intestines

True

Identify two functions of roots.

Anchor the plant to its surface (tap root) and absorbs water and nutrients from the soil (lateral roots w/ root hairs)

What type of food molecule is food in roots?

Starch/carbohydrate

Xylem

transports water and minerals from roots to leaves and flowers

Phloem

carries food made in the leaves through the stems to the roots and other parts of the plant

In what part of the plant does photosynthesis

in leaves primarily

Stamen are the what part of the flower and contain what?

They are the male part of the flower and contain pollen (sperm)

Carpel are the what part of the flower and contains what?

Carpel are the female part of the flower and contains the pollen tube which allows the pollen to travel to the ovary

What gas do plants “breathe” in?

CO2

How do the plants breathe this gas in?

Through the stomata

Glucose has the chemical formula: C6H12O6. What atoms found in glucose are provided by this gas?

C+O

How do plants obtain water?

By their roots

What atoms are found in glucose (C6H12O6). What atoms found in glucose are provided by the water?

H + O

What is the name of the light-absorbing pigment in cholorplasts?

Chlorophyll

What is fiber?

An indigestible micronutrient/material

What foods contain fiber

Any plant

What does our body break starch into?

Glucose

How do our cells use glucose?

To make ATP through cell respiration

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

CO2 + H20 + Sunlight → glucose & O2

What two reactants of the photosynthesis equation are products of cell respiration?

CO2 + H2O

What are the two major reactions that make up photosynthesis?

Light-dependent & light-independent

What is another name for the light-independent reaction?

Calvin cycle

What is the site of the light-dependent reactions?

The thylakoid of cholorplast

What the products of the light dependent reactions?

ATP, NADPH, & O2

What products from the light-dependent reactions are used for the Calvin cycle?

ATP & NADPH

What is the location of the light-independent reactions?

Stroma of chloroplast

What is the source of energy for the Calvin cycle?

ATP

What is the product of the Calvin cycle?

Glucose

Based on the equation of photosynthesis, what is the product from the light-dependent reactions?

O2

Based on the equation of photosynthesis, what is the product from the Calvin cycle?

Glucose

What is the chemical equation for cell respiration?

Glucose + O2 → ATP, CO2 & H20

What two reactants of the cell respiration equation are products of photosynthesis?

Glucose & O2

Insulin is to the ______ as bile is to the ______

Pancreas; liver

What are the characteristics of fiber?

It is a micronutrient, it is cellulose in plants, and it binds to cholesterol and removes it

What protects stomach cells during digestion?

Mucus

Stomata is what to plants?

Pores/Lungs

What do the upper layer of a leaf cells (epidermis) secrete?

a waxy substance called a cuticle

Why do the epidermis cells secrete this?

To prevent water loss

When the stomata closes, it means what?

Not a lot of water is present

When the stomata opens, it means what?

A lot of water is present

Electron Transport Chain characteristics…

Oxygen pulls protons through ATP synthase, the conversion of NADH and NAD+, the accumulation of H+ (proton gradient), occurs in the intermembrane

Which macro-molecule is responsible for disassembling and reassembling?

Proteins

True or False: Protein complexes are found in the matrix of the mitochondria

False

Where are protein complexes found in the mitochondria?

The lining of the intermembrane

Where do electrons of NADH go? Protons also go here.

Protein complexes

What regulates the opening between the esophagus and the stomach, in which it prevents the “back flow” of chyme

Sphincter

Where is bile stored?

Gallbladder

Where is bile secreted?

Liver

What is the function of bile?

Breaking down lipids/fats

True or False: Glycolysis, process of cell respiration, happens in all organism on earth, oxygen or not.

True

What is the enzyme in the mouth that begins immediate digestion of carbohydrates?

Amylase

What is Peristalisis?

a series of involuntary muscle relaxations and contractions that moves food

True or False: Carbon Dioxide is a byproduct of cell respiration

True

What byproducts of cell respiration do we not use?

H2O and CO2

NADH donates what to the Electron Transport Chain?

Electrons and Protons

True or False: The stomach secretes mucus

True

What two tissues of the body system secrete enzymes, which are a part of their chemical digestion

Pancreas & stomach

The electron transport chain produces what?

ATP & Proton gradient

True or False: Without oxygen, no H+ or electron flow since oxygen “catches” the H+ electrons

True

What carbohydrates are more beneficial to our bodies?

Complex

What binds cholesterol and removes it?

Fiber

True or False: Cells do not extract energy to make ATP

False

What is the most immediate source of energy?

Simple carbohydrate

What is found in chyme?

Enzymes, acid, mucus

Binging food and purging can affect/damage what?

The oral cavity and the esophagus

What is the Proton gradient?

The accumulation of H+ in the intermembrane