Med Path CV Unit Test SG1 and SG2

Who is most likely to suffer from Aortic Dissection?

Men under 60, cocaine users, pregnant women, hypertension, atherosclerosis, weightlifting, trauma, aneurysm 

Describe Eisenmenger syndrome and what condition is it associated with

Opening in interventricular where blood goes into the right ventricle then the pressure increases and it goes back

Which one of the following conditions is most likely to cause death? CHF, ASD, Athlete’s Heart, or MVP

CHF

Describe Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

Opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery

What condition that we studied may be treated by burning the nerves that supply nerve flow to the heart

Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib)

Describe pitting edema and what condition that we studied is it associated with

where you push on the skin and your fingerprint stays there. It is associated with CHF

What type of cells are affected in myeloid leukemia

RBC’s, platelets and certain types of WBC’s

What type of cells start to multiply uncontrollably in multiple myeloma

Myeloma Cells

What is the difference between Hodgkin’s and non Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Hodgkins has Reed Sternberg cells and non Hodgkin's Reed Sternberg cells are not present

Describe how blood flows through the heart

Deoxygenated blood →right atrium →passed the tricuspid →right ventricle →passed the pulmonary valve →pulmonary artery →lungs →pulmonary vein →left atrium →passed the mitral valve →left ventricle →Bottom of the heart beats (ventricle)→passes the aortic valve→aorta → out to the body

What is the difference between Type A aortic dissection and Type B aortic dissection and which one is more dangerous

If tear occurs after the left subclavian artery (the curve) it is Type B if before than Type A. Type A is more dangerous.

Where do fluids back up into right sided congestive heart failure and left sided congestive heart failure?

Belly, feet, and legs

Whooshing or swishing sounds are associated with what condition

Atrial Septal Defect

What is the difference between the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary vein and the aorta

Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood and goes to the lungs, pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood and goes to the L atrium, and the aorta carries oxygenated blood and goes out to the body

What are capillaries and what is their function

They are delicate b.v.s that exist throughout the body. They transport blood, nutrients, and oxygen to the body.

Describe angina and some conditions that cause it

It is chest pain or discomfort due to coronary artery disease. There is stable angina and unstable angina

What is atherosclerosis made up of

Its when plaque builds up of blood vessels. Plaque is made up of cholesterol, fats, CA+2

What is lymph, plasma and interstitial fluid

Lymph is all of the other fluids that are drained out of cells and aren’t reabsorbed into the capillaries. Plasma is the liquid portion of blood. Interstitial fluid is found between blood vessels and cells.

What is the difference between plasma and plasma cells

Plasma is the liquid portion of blood while plasma cells descend from bone marrow and b cells.

What are the differences between stable and unstable angina

Stable occurs with exercise and goes away with rest, lasts a short time, less than 5 minutes, and medicine makes it go away. Unstable occurs at rest and is unpredictable, can last over 30 minutes, and medicine doesn’t help, and it can be a sign of a heart attack.

What is the difference between the SA node and the AV node and where is each located

The sa node makes the atria contract and sends a signal to the av node. The sa node is located in the upper right atrium. The av node is located where the atrial septum and the tricuspid valve meet.

What is endothelium

It’s a thin membrane that lines the inside of the heart and blood vessels

What does the interatrial and interventricular septums separate

Atria and ventricles

What is meant by Systolic

s the top number when the heart beats

Can a person have an MI without pain? What are the symptoms of MI

No, since a big part of it is having pain. Symptoms are intense pain for 30-60 minutes, pain is behind the sternum and may radiate to the neck, shoulder, jaw, and lateral portion of left arm, pressure below or behind the sternum, often confused with indigestion

Describe what occurs when someone has a myocardial infarction

The cardiac muscle tissue dies due to a lack of oxygen due to a blockage in blood flow to the muscles of the heart

What is an Atheroma

It’s the degeneration of the arteries walls caused by the accumulated fatty deposits and scar tissue

What causes Coronary Spasm

Smoking, high BP and high cholesterol levels, cocaine, alcohol withdrawal (leading to squeezing of the artery wall)

What artery is most likely to be clogged in MI (hint: it is known as the “widow maker”)

Left anterior descending artery (LAD)

How does High Blood Pressure lead to MI and why is it called “the silent killer?”

Its doesn’t show any signs of symptoms

Describe how varicose veins occur and the symptoms

When blood pools in the veins, the veins become larger, making them show under the skin

Describe Mitral Valve Prolapse

It is supposed to keep blood from going into the left atrium as it goes from the left atrium into the left ventricle when the heart contracts

Describe Atrial Fibrillation and how is it treated

This is when the atria flutters instead of beat and it causes the ventricles to beat very rapidly, but not in a regular pattern. Treatment is electrical shocks to the heart to kill the nerves working improperly

Describe Pernicious Anemia

An autoimmune disorder where your body can’t absorb vitamin b12 at all

Describe Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

The walls of the heart chambers thicken, most of the time there are no problem, the heart looks similar to athletes heart

Describe Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) and Intermittent Claudication

narrowing of the arteries outside of the heart or brain due to atherosclerosis, it’s caused by a bad diet and lack of exercise

Describe athletes heart

It’s when the size of the heart increases due to exercising. It is usually not a pathological condition. There is an isometric and dynamic side to it

Are most childhood heart murmurs are harmful or harmless

harmless

Describe mitral valve prolapse

It is supposed to keep blood from going into the left atrium as it goes from the left atrium into the left ventricle when the heart contracts

Which is more dangerous, type A or type B aortic dissection

Type A

What is the difference between ASD and VSD

An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a hole in the wall between the heart's two upper chambers. ASD is a congenital condition, which means it is present at birth. A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the wall between the two lower chambers. In children, a VSD is usually congenital

Describe CHF (Congestive heart failure)

when the heart becomes too weak to be able to pump blood as it needs to causing blood to pool which increasing blood pressure and causing pulmonary edema if on left and pitting edema in legs if on right side of heart

Why do rbc’s change shape in sickle cell anemia

It’s due to a genetic mutation beta-globin

How would you figure out if someone has hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or athlete’s heart

Abnormal pulsed or tissue Doppler diastolic indexes of LV filling

Describe Eisenmenger syndrome

When the pressure on the right ventricle is higher than the left ventricle causing oxygenated blood to enter the left ventricle 

What age group is most likely to get aortic dissection

Men>60

What is tachycardia

Its an increase in heart rate

Is athlete’s heart a serious health condition

No

What cells multiply uncontrollably in lymphocytic leukemia

B-cells and T-cells or lymphocytes

Describe the difference between type A and type B aortic dissection

If tear occurs after the left subclavian artery (the curve) it is Type B if before than Type A. Type A is more dangerous.

What condition does a fibrous cap tear open (or off)

Myocardial infarction (Heart attack)

What are foam cells

When smooth muscle cells and white blood cells eat extra LDLS (Low density lipoproteins)

What ages gets 50% of MI’s

Occurs in people under 65

What are Purkinje fibers

It is the nerves that sport out of the Bundle of His in the lower half of the heart that specializes in contracting the bottom half of the heart

What heart related conditions did we study affect children

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Leukemia, ASD, heart murmur,  VSD

What is Tachypnea

Its is an increase breathing

What is Bradycardia

Its is a decrease in heart

Describe Intermittent claudication

pain in the legs when exercising or walking and goes away with rest

What is meant by Diastolic

the bottom number which is the pressure in arteries between heartbeat