Chapter 11 Key Terms

Abolitionism

A movement to end slavery which gained momentum in the early 19th century, advocating for the emancipation of enslaved people.

American Anti-Slavery Society

An abolitionist organization founded in 1833, led by William Lloyd Garrison and others, focusing on the immediate emancipation of slaves.

American Colonization Society

An organization founded in 1816 aiming to resettle freed slaves in Africa, particularly in Liberia.

American Temperance Society

A movement founded in 1826 advocating for the reduction or elimination of alcohol consumption.

Andrew Jackson

7th president of the U.S. (1829–1837), a populist leader known for policies like Indian removal and the Bank War.

Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World

A pamphlet written by David Walker in 1829 urging enslaved people to rise up and demanding the abolition of slavery.

Bank War

The political struggle in the 1830s between President Andrew Jackson and supporters of the Second Bank of the United States.

Charles Grandison Finney

A prominent preacher during the Second Great Awakening known for fiery revivals and emphasis on individual salvation.

David Walker

A free Black abolitionist and author of 'Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World', advocating for the immediate end to slavery.

Democratic Party

A political party that emerged in the 1820s, promoting Jacksonian democracy and the rights of the common people.

Election of 1828

The presidential election in which Andrew Jackson defeated John Quincy Adams, marking the rise of Jacksonian democracy.

Erie Canal

A 363-mile canal completed in 1825 that boosted trade and settlement in the western U.S.

Evangelicalism

A Christian movement emphasizing personal conversion and the spread of the Gospel.

Grimké Sisters

Sarah and Angelina Grimké, Southern-born sisters who became prominent abolitionists and advocates for women's rights.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

A law signed by Andrew Jackson that forced Native American tribes to relocate west of the Mississippi River.

Industrialization

The economic transformation process that began in the early 19th century, shifting from agrarian economies to manufacturing.

Jacksonian Democracy

A political philosophy emphasizing the power of the common man and expansion of suffrage.

Liberator

An abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831, calling for the immediate emancipation of slaves.

Lowell Mills

Textile mills in Massachusetts employing young women during the early stages of industrialization.

John Calhoun

A prominent politician known for his strong defense of states' rights and his advocacy of nullification.

Manifest Destiny

The 19th-century belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the continent.

Market Revolution

The rapid economic transformation of the early 19th century characterized by improvements in transportation and communication.

Martin Van Buren

8th president of the U.S. (1837–1841), a key figure in the development of the Democratic Party.

Mutiny on the Amistad

A 1839 rebellion by enslaved Africans on the Spanish slave ship Amistad that led to a landmark Supreme Court case.

NY Female Moral Reform Society

An organization formed in 1834 to address moral problems caused by prostitution and promote female virtue.

Nullification

The theory that states could invalidate federal laws they believed were unconstitutional.

Panic of 1819

The first widespread economic depression in the U.S. following the War of 1812.

Panic of 1837

A major economic depression triggered by bank failures and a collapse in the cotton market.

Railroads

A major mode of transportation contributing to the Market Revolution.

Second Bank of the United States

A national bank chartered in 1816, whose charter was vetoed by Andrew Jackson.

Second Great Awakening

A religious revival movement in the early 19th century emphasizing personal salvation and social reforms.

Second Party System

The political system emerging in the 1830s characterized by rivalry between the Democratic and Whig Parties.

Separate Spheres

A social concept defining the roles of men and women in the 19th century.

Spoils System

The practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs, prominent during Andrew Jackson’s presidency.

Steamships

Ships powered by steam engines revolutionizing transportation.

Tariff of Abominations

The 1828 tariff imposing high duties on imported goods, angering Southern states.

Temperance

A movement aimed at reducing or eliminating alcohol consumption.

Trail of Tears

The forced relocation of Native Americans, primarily the Cherokee, under the Indian Removal Act.

Whig Party

A political party formed in the 1830s in opposition to Andrew Jackson and the Democrats.

William Lloyd Garrison

A leading abolitionist and founder of 'The Liberator' newspaper.

Worcester v. Georgia

An 1832 Supreme Court case ruling that Georgia could not enforce its laws on Cherokee lands.