Chapter 11 Key Terms

Abolitionism - A movement to end slavery, which gained momentum in the early 19th century, advocating for the emancipation of enslaved people.

American Anti-Slavery Society - An abolitionist organization founded in 1833, led by William Lloyd Garrison and others, focused on the immediate emancipation of slaves.

American Colonization Society - An organization founded in 1816 that aimed to resettle freed slaves in Africa, particularly in Liberia, as a solution to the issue of slavery.

American Temperance Society - A movement founded in 1826 that advocated for the reduction or elimination of alcohol consumption, citing its negative impact on society.

Andrew Jackson - 7th president of the U.S. (1829–1837), a populist leader, military hero, and founder of the Democratic Party, known for policies like Indian removal and the Bank War.

Appeal . . . to the Coloured Citizens of the World - A pamphlet written by David Walker in 1829, urging enslaved people to rise up against their oppressors and demanding the abolition of slavery.

Bank War - The political struggle in the 1830s between President Andrew Jackson and the supporters of the Second Bank of the United States, which Jackson believed was too powerful and corrupt.

Charles Grandison Finney - A prominent preacher during the Second Great Awakening, known for his fiery revivals and his emphasis on individual salvation and social reform.

David Walker - A free Black abolitionist and author of Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, calling for the immediate end to slavery and racial equality.

Democratic Party - A political party that emerged in the 1820s, championing Jacksonian democracy, which promoted the rights of the common people, limited government, and territorial expansion.

Election of 1828 - The presidential election in which Andrew Jackson defeated John Quincy Adams, marking the rise of Jacksonian democracy and the expansion of suffrage to all white men.

Erie Canal - A 363-mile canal completed in 1825 that connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie, significantly boosting trade and settlement in the western U.S.

Evangelicalism - A Christian movement that emphasized personal conversion, salvation, and the spread of the Gospel, playing a significant role in the Second Great Awakening and social reforms.

Grimké Sisters - Sarah and Angelina Grimké were Southern-born sisters who became prominent abolitionists and advocates for women's rights, writing and speaking out against slavery.

Indian Removal Act of 1830 - A law signed by Andrew Jackson that forced Native American tribes in the Southeast to relocate west of the Mississippi River, leading to the Trail of Tears.

Industrialization - The process of economic and technological transformation that began in the early 19th century, shifting from agrarian economies to manufacturing and urbanization.

Jacksonian Democracy - A political philosophy that emphasized the power of the common man, expansion of suffrage, and opposition to elites and centralized power, particularly in the government.

Liberator - An abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831, calling for the immediate emancipation of slaves and equal rights for Black Americans.

Lowell Mills - Textile mills in Massachusetts that employed young women, known as "Lowell girls," during the early stages of industrialization in the U.S.

John Calhoun - A prominent South Carolina politician and vice president under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, known for his strong defense of states' rights and his advocacy of nullification.

Manifest Destiny - The 19th-century belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent, justified by the idea of spreading democracy and civilization.

Market Revolution - The rapid economic transformation of the early 19th century, characterized by improvements in transportation, communication, and industry, leading to a national economy.

Martin Van Buren - 8th president of the U.S. (1837–1841), a key figure in the development of the Democratic Party and the "Trail of Tears" policy.

Mutiny on the Amistad - A 1839 rebellion by enslaved Africans aboard the Spanish slave ship Amistad, which led to a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case recognizing their freedom.

NY Female Moral Reform Society - An organization formed in 1834 that sought to address the moral and social problems caused by prostitution and to promote female virtue and reform.

Nullification - The theory and practice, particularly championed by John Calhoun, that states could invalidate federal laws they believed were unconstitutional.

Panic of 1819 - The first widespread economic depression in the U.S. following the War of 1812, caused by a collapse in the national bank and over-speculation in land.

Panic of 1837 - A major economic depression triggered by bank failures, speculative bubbles, and a collapse in the cotton market, worsened by Andrew Jackson’s banking policies.

Railroads - A major mode of transportation that contributed to the Market Revolution, facilitating the movement of goods and people across vast distances.

Second Bank of the United States - A national bank chartered in 1816, whose charter was vetoed by Andrew Jackson, sparking the Bank War and leading to its eventual closure in 1836.

Second Great Awakening - A religious revival movement in the early 19th century that emphasized personal salvation, moral improvement, and social reforms, including abolitionism and temperance.

Second Party System - The political system that emerged in the 1830s, characterized by the rivalry between the Democratic Party and the Whig Party.

Separate Spheres - A social concept that defined the roles of men and women in the 19th century, with men in public life and women in domestic and private life.

Spoils System - The practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs, which became prominent during Andrew Jackson’s presidency.

Steamships - Ships powered by steam engines, revolutionizing transportation by allowing faster and more reliable travel along rivers and oceans.

Tariff of Abominations - The 1828 tariff, which imposed high duties on imported goods, angering Southern states and contributing to the Nullification Crisis.

Temperance - A movement aimed at reducing or eliminating alcohol consumption, which became a major part of social reform during the early 19th century.

Trail of Tears - The forced relocation of thousands of Native Americans, primarily the Cherokee, from their ancestral lands to territories west of the Mississippi River under the Indian Removal Act.

Whig Party - A political party formed in the 1830s in opposition to Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, advocating for a stronger federal government, industrial development, and internal improvements.

William Lloyd Garrison - A leading abolitionist and founder of The Liberator, a newspaper that advocated for the immediate emancipation of slaves.

Worcester v. Georgia - An 1832 Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that Georgia could not enforce its laws on Cherokee lands, although President Jackson ignored the ruling.