APK5166 FINAL EXAM PREP

Sports Supplements

Ursolic Acid

• Category: Phytochemical (terpenoid)
• Mechanism: Decreases white adipose tissue, increases brown adipose tissue, increases mTOR, muscle strength, and IGF-1.
• Research: Implied by stated physiological effects.
• Effectiveness: Effective in influencing body composition, muscle strength, and growth factors.
• Protein Synthesis: Directly increases mTOR and IGF-1, promoting protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Ecdysterone

• Category: Phytochemical (terpenoid)
• Mechanism: Possesses a similar structure to androgenic steroids, increasing anabolic effects by inhibiting estrogen receptors.
• Research: Currently part of the WADA monitoring program as of 2023.
• Effectiveness: Shown to increase anabolic effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Promotes anabolic effects, indicating increased protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal, but under WADA monitoring, indicating potential future ban.

Caffeine

• Category: Phytochemical (alkaloid)
• Mechanism: Increases fat oxidation and decreases fatigue by antagonizing adenosine receptors.
• Research: Widely researched and confirmed for performance enhancement.
• Effectiveness: Improves both aerobic and anaerobic performance.
• Protein Synthesis: Not a primary mechanism for direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Capsaicin

• Category: Phytochemical (alkaloid)
• Mechanism: Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by decreasing the total amount of circulating cytokines.
• Research: Demonstrated to reduce systemic inflammation.
• Effectiveness: Effective in decreasing circulating cytokines and providing anti-inflammatory benefits.
• Protein Synthesis: Not a primary mechanism for direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Sulforaphane

• Category: Phytochemical (organosulfur compound)
• Mechanism: Advertised for muscle growth through myostatin suppression.
• Research: In vitro studies suggest myostatin suppression, but it is not effective for muscle growth in humans.
• Effectiveness: Not effective for muscle growth in humans.
• Protein Synthesis: Proposed to promote muscle growth via myostatin suppression, but human efficacy is lacking.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Resveratrol

• Category: Phytochemical (Phenolic Compound/Stilbene)
• Mechanism: Investigated for modest reductions in blood pressure, significant changes in body composition, improvements in glucose metabolism, and promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis.
• Research: Subject to ongoing research regarding its various physiological effects.
• Effectiveness: Shows modest reductions in blood pressure and significant changes in body composition, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial biogenesis.
• Protein Synthesis: Indirectly related to body composition changes and mitochondrial health, but not a direct activator of protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Curcumin

• Category: Phytochemical (Phenolic compound/curcuminoid)
• Mechanism: Possesses anti-inflammatory properties.
• Research: Used in studies for post-workout recovery.
• Effectiveness: Effective in reducing fatigue and muscle soreness after a workout due to its anti-inflammatory properties.
• Protein Synthesis: Not a primary mechanism for direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Quercetin

• Category: Phenol (flavonoid)
• Mechanism: Proposed to act as an anti-cancer agent, increase mitochondria, and decrease fatigue.
• Research: Proposed biological activities, but performance improvement in humans is minimal and not statistically significant.
• Effectiveness: Performance improvement is minimal and not significant.
• Protein Synthesis: Not a primary mechanism for direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Caralluma fimbriata extract

• Category: Weight-loss (appetite suppressing) supplement
• Mechanism: Increases the release of orexin and promotes lipolysis.
• Research: Implied by the proposed mechanisms.
• Effectiveness: Not effective for weight loss.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal, but ineffective.

Fucoxanthin

• Category: Weight-loss (appetite suppressing) supplement
• Mechanism: Alters leptin activity to increase the feeling of satiety.
• Research: Demonstrated to be clinically significant in studies.
• Effectiveness: Clinically significant for increasing satiety.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Rimonabant

• Category: Prescription weight-loss medication (selective CB1 receptor blocker)
• Mechanism: Decreases appetite by selectively blocking CB1 receptors.
• Research: Clinically significant for weight loss.
• Effectiveness: Clinically significant but associated with severe mood changes. No longer available due to side effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Not legal in supplements; previously a prescription drug, now off-market.

Hoodia Gordonii

• Category: Weight-loss (appetite suppressing) supplement
• Mechanism: Acts as an appetite suppressant (specific mechanism not fully established).
• Research: Lacks meta-analysis or substantial human trials to prove effectiveness.
• Effectiveness: Not proven effective, with possible cardiovascular side effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal, but effectiveness is unsubstantiated and potential side effects exist.

Orlistat

• Category: Weight-loss medication
• Mechanism: Decreases the absorption of lipids by blocking lipase function orally and in the GI tract.
• Research: Clinically significant for weight loss.
• Effectiveness: Clinically significant, but causes severe gastrointestinal issues.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Not legal in supplements; prescription drug.

White Bean Extract (Phase 2)

• Category: Weight-loss supplement
• Mechanism: Decreases the absorption of carbohydrates by blocking amylase function.
• Research: Demonstrated to be clinically significant.
• Effectiveness: Clinically significant with no reported side effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Chitosan

• Category: Weight-loss supplement (soluble fiber)
• Mechanism: Decreases the absorption of lipids.
• Research: Demonstrated to be clinically significant.
• Effectiveness: Clinically significant with no reported side effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Green Tea Extract

• Category: Weight-loss supplement
• Mechanism: Decreases the absorption of lipids due to the presence of tea tannins.
• Research: Demonstrated to be clinically significant.
• Effectiveness: Clinically significant, but with few reported cases of liver toxicity.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Glucomanan

• Category: Weight-loss supplement (soluble fiber)
• Mechanism: Decreases the absorption of lipids.
• Research: Demonstrated to be clinically significant.
• Effectiveness: Clinically significant with minimal bloating side effects, but appears less effective than chitosan.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Chromium

• Category: Weight-loss trace mineral
• Mechanism: Increases Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) by improving insulin receptor activity, leading to increased lipolysis and glucose metabolism.
• Research: Clinically significant, but primarily effective in chromium-deficient individuals.
• Effectiveness: Clinically significant, but seemingly only in individuals with chromium deficiency.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Cayenne Pepper Extract

• Category: Weight-loss supplement
• Mechanism: Increases Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) through increased lipolysis.
• Research: Demonstrated to be clinically significant for BMR.
• Effectiveness: Clinically significant for a small increase in BMR, but not for overall weight loss. Side effects include flushing and heartburn.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Grains of Paradise Seed

• Category: Weight-loss supplement
• Mechanism: Increases Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) through its active ingredient, 6-paradol, which causes increased lipolysis.
• Research: Effective for BMR and visceral fat based on one human study.
• Effectiveness: Effective for BMR and reduction of visceral fat based on limited research (one study).
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Green Coffee Bean Extract

• Category: Weight-loss supplement
• Mechanism: Increases Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and is proposed to improve glucose metabolism.
• Research: Demonstrated to be clinically significant for a modest amount of weight loss.
• Effectiveness: Clinically significant for a small amount of weight loss, with similar side effects to caffeine.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Raspberry Ketones

• Category: Weight-loss supplement
• Mechanism: Proposed to increase Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and improve lipolysis.
• Research: No significant human studies confirm its effectiveness.
• Effectiveness: Not confirmed effective in human studies.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal, but unproven effectiveness.

Garcinia Cambogia

• Category: Weight-loss supplement
• Mechanism: Increases Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) through hydroxycitric acid, leading to increased lipid metabolism.
• Research: Demonstrated effectiveness for weight loss.
• Effectiveness: Effective for weight loss, but with significant side effects including potential hepatic failure, mania, and hepatitis.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal, but with significant health risks.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid

• Category: Weight-loss supplement
• Mechanism: Increases Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) through improved lipolysis.
• Research: Demonstrated effectiveness.
• Effectiveness: Effective with no reported side effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Ephedra

• Category: Banned weight-loss stimulant
• Mechanism: Increases Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).
• Research: Shows small benefits for weight loss, but with potential stimulant-related side effects.
• Effectiveness: Small benefits for weight loss, but with severe potential stimulant-related side effects like tremors, psychosis, and cardiac issues.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Banned by regulatory bodies such as the FDA (in supplements), WADA, and NCAA.

Synephrine

• Category: Weight-loss supplement
• Mechanism: Increases Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).
• Research: Shows modest improvement in weight loss, often studied in combination with caffeine.
• Effectiveness: Modest improvement in weight loss, with stimulant-related side effects (many studies incorporated caffeine, confounding independent effects).
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal, but acknowledged for its stimulant-like side effects.

Sibutramine

• Category: Pharmaceutical drug for weight loss
• Mechanism: Increases Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) (mechanism of appetite suppression and norepinephrine/serotonin reuptake inhibition).
• Research: Caused significant weight loss.
• Effectiveness: Caused significant weight loss but was taken off the market in 2010 due to significant cardiovascular side effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Pharmaceutical drug, taken off the market due to safety concerns. Not legal in supplements.

DMAA (Methylhaxanamine)

• Category: Banned stimulant
• Mechanism: Increases Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).
• Research: Effectiveness for performance or weight loss is unknown.
• Effectiveness: Effectiveness is unknown, but associated with many stimulant-related side effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Banned by WADA/NCAA.

DMHA (Octodrine)

• Category: Banned stimulant
• Mechanism: Increases Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).
• Research: Effectiveness for performance or weight loss is unknown.
• Effectiveness: Effectiveness is unknown, but associated with many stimulant-related side effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Banned by WADA/NCAA.

Fenproporex

• Category: Banned stimulant
• Mechanism: Increases Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).
• Research: Effectiveness for performance or weight loss is unknown.
• Effectiveness: Effectiveness is unknown, but associated with many stimulant-related side effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Banned by WADA/NCAA.

Oxandrolone (Anavar)

• Category: Banned oral anabolic steroid
• Mechanism: Attaches to androgen receptors, leading to increased mTOR, decreased myostatin, and decreased protein degradation.
• Research: Studies prior to 1988 showed effectiveness in gaining muscle mass.
• Effectiveness: Effective in gaining muscle mass based on historical studies.
• Protein Synthesis: Directly increases mTOR and decreases protein degradation, robustly promoting protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Banned by WADA/NCAA.

Metandienone (Dianabol)

• Category: Banned oral anabolic steroid
• Mechanism: Attaches to androgen receptors to increase mTOR, decrease myostatin, and decrease protein degradation.
• Research: Studies prior to 1988 showed effectiveness in gaining muscle mass.
• Effectiveness: Effective in gaining muscle mass based on historical studies.
• Protein Synthesis: Directly increases mTOR and decreases protein degradation, robustly promoting protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Banned by WADA/NCAA.

Nandrolone (Deca Durabolin)

• Category: Banned injectable anabolic steroid
• Mechanism: Attaches to androgen receptors to increase mTOR, decrease myostatin, and decrease protein degradation.
• Research: Studies prior to 1988 showed effectiveness in gaining muscle mass.
• Effectiveness: Effective in gaining muscle mass based on historical studies.
• Protein Synthesis: Directly increases mTOR and decreases protein degradation, robustly promoting protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Banned by WADA/NCAA.

Trenbolone (Finajet)

• Category: Banned injectable anabolic steroid
• Mechanism: Attaches to androgen receptors to increase mTOR, decrease myostatin, and decrease protein degradation.
• Research: Studies prior to 1988 showed effectiveness in gaining muscle mass.
• Effectiveness: Effective in gaining muscle mass based on historical studies.
• Protein Synthesis: Directly increases mTOR and decreases protein degradation, robustly promoting protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Banned by WADA/NCAA.

Stanozolol (Winstrol)

• Category: Banned oral or injectable anabolic steroid
• Mechanism: Attaches to androgen receptors to increase mTOR, decrease myostatin, and decrease protein degradation.
• Research: Studies prior to 1988 showed effectiveness in gaining muscle mass.
• Effectiveness: Effective in gaining muscle mass based on historical studies.
• Protein Synthesis: Directly increases mTOR and decreases protein degradation, robustly promoting protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Banned by WADA/NCAA.

Ostarine (MK-2866)

• Category: Banned SARM (Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator)
• Mechanism: Attaches to androgen receptors specifically in bone and muscle tissue to increase mTOR, decrease myostatin, and decrease protein degradation.
• Research: Studies in older individuals have shown increases in muscle mass.
• Effectiveness: Effective in increasing muscle mass in older individuals.
• Protein Synthesis: Directly increases mTOR and decreases protein degradation in target tissues, promoting protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Banned by WADA/NCAA.

Ligandrol (LGD-4033)

• Category: Banned SARM (Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator)
• Mechanism: Attaches to androgen receptors specifically in bone and muscle tissue to increase mTOR, decrease myostatin, and decrease protein degradation.
• Research: Studies in older individuals have shown increases in muscle mass.
• Effectiveness: Effective in increasing muscle mass in older individuals.
• Protein Synthesis: Directly increases mTOR and decreases protein degradation in target tissues, promoting protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Banned by WADA/NCAA.

Creatine Monohydrate

• Category: Legal anabolic amino-acid derivative
• Mechanism: Activates IGF-1 stimulated mTOR increase and is proposed to increase satellite cells.
• Research: Clinically significant for muscle strength and growth.
• Effectiveness: Clinically significant with minimal bloating side effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Activates mTOR, promoting protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Whey Protein

• Category: Legal anabolic amino-acid derivative (protein source)
• Mechanism: Activates mTOR predominantly through the leucine pathway.
• Research: Clinically significant for muscle protein synthesis compared to control.
• Effectiveness: Clinically significant for muscle growth and repair with minimal side effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Directly activates mTOR via leucine, significantly promoting protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Leucine

• Category: Legal anabolic amino-acid derivative (Branched-Chain Amino Acid - BCAA)
• Mechanism: Activates mTOR through the leucine pathway.
• Research: Demonstrated effectiveness for muscle protein synthesis.
• Effectiveness: Effective with minimal side effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Directly activates mTOR, significantly promoting protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

HMB

• Category: Legal anabolic amino-acid derivative (metabolite of leucine)
• Mechanism: Activates mTOR through the leucine pathway.
• Research: Demonstrated effectiveness for muscle protein synthesis and anti-catabolic effects.
• Effectiveness: Effective with minimal side effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Activates mTOR, promoting protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Fortetropin

• Category: Legal anabolic myostatin-inhibitor
• Mechanism: Inhibits myostatin, which in turn leads to increased mTOR and satellite cell activity.
• Research: Demonstrated effectiveness with minimal side effects based on 3 human studies.
• Effectiveness: Effective in promoting muscle growth and recovery with minimal side effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Increases mTOR and satellite cells, promoting protein synthesis and muscle regeneration.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Phosphatidic Acid

• Category: Legal anabolic mTOR activator
• Mechanism: Directly stimulates mTOR.
• Research: No proven effectiveness despite results from a limited meta-analysis.
• Effectiveness: No proven effectiveness for muscle growth, with minimal reported side effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Proposed to directly stimulate mTOR, promoting protein synthesis, but human efficacy is unproven.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Glutamine

• Category: Legal amino-acid derivative
• Mechanism: Decreases the FOXO pathway or protein degradation.
• Research: Not effective for anabolic effects, but seemed effective for weight loss.
• Effectiveness: Not effective for anabolic effects, but appears effective for weight loss with minimal side effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Proposed to decrease protein degradation, but not significantly anabolic.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Betaine

• Category: Legal anabolic amino-acid derivative
• Mechanism: Increases mTOR and decreases the FOXO pathway.
• Research: No proven effectiveness for muscle growth despite results from a limited meta-analysis.
• Effectiveness: No proven effectiveness for muscle growth, with minimal side effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Proposed to increase mTOR and decrease protein degradation, thus promoting protein synthesis, but human efficacy is unproven.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Boron

• Category: Legal anabolic trace mineral
• Mechanism: Increases the amount of free testosterone, causing anabolic effects through androgen receptors.
• Research: Demonstrated effectiveness, but potentially only in individuals with boron deficiencies.
• Effectiveness: Effective in increasing free testosterone, but potentially only for individuals with boron deficiencies.
• Protein Synthesis: Anabolic effects mediated through androgen receptors could influence protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

ZMA

• Category: Legal anabolic trace mineral blend (Zinc, Magnesium, Vitamin B6)
• Mechanism: Zinc is proposed to increase testosterone levels, leading to anabolic effects.
• Research: No proven effectiveness for anabolic effects.
• Effectiveness: No proven effectiveness for anabolic effects, with minimal side effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Proposed to cause anabolic effects through increased testosterone, but not effectively proven.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Laxogenin

• Category: Banned synthetic plant steroid
• Mechanism: Proposed to attach to androgen receptors to increase mTOR, decrease myostatin, and decrease protein degradation.
• Research: No human studies to confirm effectiveness.
• Effectiveness: No human studies confirm effectiveness, and side effects are unknown.
• Protein Synthesis: Proposed to increase mTOR and decrease protein degradation, thus promoting protein synthesis, but human efficacy is unproven.
• Legal Status: Banned by WADA/NCAA.

Blood doping

• Category: Banned endurance procedure
• Mechanism: Increases red blood cells to achieve a higher oxygen carrying capacity and higher VO_2
• Research: Proven to be effective for endurance performance.
• Effectiveness: Effective, but side effects are related to increasing blood viscosity (e.g., increased risk of clotting).
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Banned by WADA/NCAA.

HIF Agents

• Category: Banned endurance red blood cell enhancer
• Mechanism: Increases the reaction to low oxygen conditions to induce the creation of red blood cells.
• Research: Effectiveness for performance is unknown.
• Effectiveness: Effectiveness is unknown.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Banned by WADA/NCAA.

GATA Inhibitors

• Category: Banned endurance red blood cell enhancer
• Mechanism: Increases the reaction to low oxygen conditions to induce the creation of red blood cells.
• Research: Effectiveness for performance is unknown.
• Effectiveness: Effectiveness is unknown.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Banned by WADA/NCAA.

GW1516

• Category: Banned endurance PPAR-Delta activator
• Mechanism: Increases PGC-1alpha, which in turn leads to increased mitochondria and capillary density.
• Research: Very effective in animal studies, but human trials were stopped due to massive side effects, including increased tumor risk.
• Effectiveness: Very effective in animal models, but too dangerous for human use due to significant tumor risk.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Banned by WADA/NCAA; pharmaceutical development was halted due to severe safety concerns.

AICAR

• Category: Banned endurance AMPK activator
• Mechanism: Increases PGC-1alpha, which in turn leads to increased mitochondria and capillary density.
• Research: Effective for improving glucose sensitivity and fat usage, but not extensively researched for performance enhancement.
• Effectiveness: Effective for metabolic improvements (glucose sensitivity, fat usage), but its impact on performance is not well-researched.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Banned by WADA/NCAA.

Clenbuterol

• Category: Banned Beta-2 agonist (WADA categorizes as anabolic)
• Mechanism: Increases bronchodilation and acts as a sympathomimetic amine.
• Research: Effective in animals for increasing muscle mass and potentially changing fiber type, but not proven for endurance performance in humans.
• Effectiveness: Effective in animals for muscle growth, but human endurance performance benefits are unconfirmed.
• Protein Synthesis: Promotes muscle mass in animal studies.
• Legal Status: Banned by WADA/NCAA.

Sodium Bicarbonate

• Category: Legal endurance buffering agent
• Mechanism: Increases the body's ability to buffer hydrogen ions during high-intensity exercise.
• Research: Demonstrated effectiveness for high-intensity performance.
• Effectiveness: Effective, but common side effects include gastrointestinal distress.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Rhodiola Rosea

• Category: Legal endurance phytochemical extract
• Mechanism: Improves sub-maximal substrate utilization and decreases oxidative damage.
• Research: Effective for reducing oxidative stress and improving Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE).
• Effectiveness: Effective in reducing oxidative stress and improving RPE during exercise.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Cordyceps Sinensis

• Category: Legal endurance fungus
• Mechanism: Increases PGC-1alpha, which in turn leads to increased mitochondria and capillary density.
• Research: Effective in increasing lactate threshold based on two human studies.
• Effectiveness: Effective in increasing lactate threshold based on limited human research.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Terminalia Arjuna

• Category: Legal endurance phytochemical extract
• Mechanism: Improves vasodilation and sub-maximal substrate utilization.
• Research: Primarily researched for angina, not shown to be effective for performance enhancement.
• Effectiveness: Not effective for athletic performance; research mainly focuses on cardiovascular conditions like angina.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Panax Ginseng

• Category: Legal endurance phytochemical extract
• Mechanism: Its only fully defined mechanism of action is increased nitric oxide production.
• Research: Showed a small improvement in time to fatigue in endurance trials.
• Effectiveness: Provides a small improvement in time to fatigue during endurance activities.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Siberian Ginseng

• Category: Legal endurance phytochemical extract
• Mechanism: Improves oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in spared glycogen during exercise.
• Research: No proven effectiveness for performance.
• Effectiveness: No proven effectiveness for performance, with no known side effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Beet Root Extract

• Category: Legal endurance phytochemical extract
• Mechanism: Increases nitric oxide production, leading to vasodilation.
• Research: Demonstrated effectiveness in improving time-to-fatigue.
• Effectiveness: Effective in improving time-to-fatigue during endurance activities.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

CoEnzyme Q10

• Category: Legal endurance supplement
• Mechanism: Increases oxidative phosphorylation.
• Research: No proven effectiveness for performance enhancement.
• Effectiveness: No proven effectiveness for performance with no known side effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Citrulline Malate

• Category: Legal endurance amino acid derivative
• Mechanism: Increases nitric oxide production and enhances ammonia clearance.
• Research: No improvements demonstrated for endurance performance.
• Effectiveness: No improvements shown for endurance performance, with no known side effects.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.

Glucuronolactone

• Category: Legal endurance supplement
• Mechanism: Proposed to decrease fatigue (exact mechanism not well-understood).
• Research: Effectiveness is unknown due to a lack of sufficient research.
• Effectiveness: Unknown due to lack of research.
• Protein Synthesis: Not typically associated with direct protein synthesis.
• Legal Status: Legal and compliant with FDA/WADA/NCAA regulations.