APK5166 FINAL EXAM PREP
Q: What is Ursolic Acid?
A: Category: Phytochemical (terpenoid)
Mechanism: decrease white adipose tissue, increase brown adipose tissue, increase mTOR, increase muscle strength and increase IGF-1
Researched: Several small studies, in humans and animals. No meta-analysis
Effectiveness: Most studies have shown ursolic acid to increase metabolism, and be beneficial in protein synthesis. However, there are some studies that show no significance.
FDA: Legal as a supplement
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Ecdysterone ?
A: Category: Phytochemical (terpenoid)
Mechanism: Similar structure to androgenic steroid, however no affinity for androgen receptors. Reason for anabolic increase comes from inhibition of estrogen receptors.
Researched: The predominant amount of studies have been performed in animals, there are a few studies that have been performed on humans. No meta-analysis
Effectiveness: Animal studies have shown a significant improvement in strength and protein synthesis. However human studies have been less significant.
FDA: Legal as a supplement
WADA and NCAA: Ecdysterone is on the 2023 Monitoring Program for WADA, Ecdysterone is not currently banned by the NCAA
Q: What is Caffeine?
A: Category: Phytochemical (alkaloid) also weight-loss, also endurance
Mechanism: Increases fat oxidation, Decreases fatigue through adenosine receptors
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis for both anaerobic and aerobic exercise
Effectiveness: It improves performance in both aerobic and anaerobic
FDA: Legal in any supplement on the market
WADA and NCAA: Not considered a banned substance in either
Q: What is Capsaicin?
A: Category: Phytochemical (alkaloid)
Mechanism: Anti-inflammatory decreases the total amount of circulating cytokines.
Researched: Only a handful of human studies have been performed
Effectiveness: It potentially could be beneficial but more studies need to be performed
FDA: Legal in any supplement on the market
WADA and NCAA: Not considered a banned substance in either
Q: What is Sulforaphane?
A: Category: Phytochemical (organosulfur compound)
Mechanism: Has been advertised by supplement companies as beneficial to muscle growth ever since research showed a suppression of myostatin with In vitro muscle cells exposed to sulforaphane
Researched: Never supported by human trials, but has been show in cell studies
Effectiveness: Not effective in humans
FDA: Legal in any supplement on the market
WADA and NCAA: Not considered a banned substance in either
Q: What is Resveratrol?
A: Category: Phytochemicals (Phenolic Compounds/Stillbenes)
Mechanism: Resveratrol has been investigated for increase in insulin sensitivity, improvement in body composition, mitochondrial biogenesis and increase muscle strength
Researched: Meta-analysis have been performed on all of it’s potential benefits with the exception of exercise performance. So multiple human studies have been performed.
Effectiveness: Resveratrol has been shown to be beneficial in modest reductions of blood pressure, significant changes in body composition, significant improvement in glucose metabolism, and increase in mitochondrial biogenesis
FDA: It's legal in all supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not considered a banned substance by WADA or NCAA
Q: What is Curcumin?
A: Category: Phytochemical (Phenolic compound/curcuminoid)
Mechanism: Has been used as a method of reducing fatigue and muscle soreness after a workout because of the anti- inflammatory properties.
Researched: Several studies have found that curcumin could have a positive impact on gut bacteria, Meta-analysis found a significant reduction in creatine kinase serum levels and perceived feeling of muscle soreness throughout clinical trials
Effectiveness: Significant for reducing issues associated with muscle soreness
FDA: Legal in all supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance by WADA or NCAA
Q: What is Quercetin?
A: Category: Phenol sub-category flavonoids
Mechanism: Quercetin has been proposed as, anti-cancer, to increase mitochondria, and decrease fatigue.
Researched: Review on quercetin as supplement improving endurance exercise capacity says results of mitochondrial biogenesis are inconclusive, more studies needed, -review on quercetin supplementation promoting recovery after exercise-induced muscle damage showed that it decreased fatigue, decreased creatine kinase levels and post exercise oxidative stress.
Effectiveness: Two meta-analysis found that pefromance improvement with quercetin were minimal, and not significant
FDA: Legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not considered a banned substance by WADA or NCAA
Q: What is Caralluma fimbriata extract?
A: Category: Weight-loss (appetite supressing)
Mechanism: Increased release of orexin, and increased lipolysis
Researched: Yes, but only a couple of small human trials no meta-analysis
Effectiveness: No, and no major side-effects noted
FDA: Legal as a supplement
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Fucoxanthin ?
A: Category: Weight-loss (appetite supressing)
Mechanism: Altering leptin activity to increase the satiety feeling
Researched: Yes, but only a couple of small human trials no meta-analysis
Effectiveness: Yes, Clinically significant
FDA: Legal as a supplement
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Rimonabant ?
A: Category: Weight-loss (appetite supressing)
Mechanism: selective CB1 receptor blocker which decreases appetite.
Researched: Yes since it was previously a prescription medication this has multiple meta-analysis
Effectiveness: Yes it's clinically significant, but severe mood changes with rimonabant
FDA: Not legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Hoodia Gordonii ?
A: Category: Weight-loss (appetite supressing)
Mechanism: Appetite Suppressant
Researched: No meta-analysis or substantial human trials
Effectiveness: No, possible cardiovascular sided effects
FDA: Legal as a supplement
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Orlistat?
A: Category: Weight-loss (decreased absorption)
Mechanism: Decreased absorption of lipids because of blocked lipase orally and in the GI
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis
Effectiveness: Yes it's clinically significant, but severe gastrointestinal issues
FDA: Not legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is White Bean Extract (Phase 2)?
A: Category: Weight-loss (decreased absorption)
Mechanism: Decreased absorption of carbohydrates because of blocked amylase function
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis
Effectiveness: Yes it's clinically significant, no side effects
FDA: Legal as a supplement
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Chitosan?
A: Category: Weight-loss (decreased absorption)
Mechanism: Decreased absorption of lipids, soluble fiber blocks the absorption of lipids
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis
Effectiveness: Yes it's clinically significant, no side effects
FDA: Legal as a supplement
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Green Tea Extract?
A: Category: Weight-loss (decreased absorption)
Mechanism: Decreased absorption of lipids, because of tea tannins
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis
Effectiveness: Yes it's clinically significant, few cases of liver toxicity
FDA: Legal as a supplement
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Glucomanan ?
A: Category: Weight-loss (decreased absorption)
Mechanism: Decreased absorption of lipids, similar to chitosan but appears to be less effective
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis
Effectiveness: Yes it's clinically significant, minimal side-effects of bloating
FDA: Legal as a supplement
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Chromium?
A: Category: Weight-loss (Increased BMR)
Mechanism: Increased BMR through improving the activity of insulin receptor for increased lypolysis and increased glucose metabolism
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis
Effectiveness: Yes, clinically significant, but seemingly only in people chromium deficient
FDA: Legal as a supplement
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Cayenne Pepper Extract?
A: Category: Weight-loss (Increased BMR)
Mechanism: Increased BMR through increased lipolysis
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis
Effectiveness: Yes, clinically signicant but only a small amount for BMR and not weight loss. Side effects of flushing and heart burn
FDA: Legal as a supplement
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Grains of Paradise Seed?
A: Category: Weight-loss (Increased BMR)
Mechanism: Increased BMR, through active ingredient 6-paradol which causes increased lipolysis
Researched: No, single study meta-analysis
Effectiveness: Yes, but only one study and it was only significant for BMR and visceral fat
FDA: Legal as a supplement
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Green Coffee Bean Extract?
A: Category: Weight-loss (Increased BMR)
Mechanism: Increased BMR, proposed improvement of glucose metabolism
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis
Effectiveness: Yes, clinically significant small amount of weight loss. Similar side-effects to caffeine
FDA: Legal as a supplement
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Rasberry Ketones?
A: Category: Weight-loss (Increased BMR)
Mechanism: Increased BMR, proposed improved lipolysis
Researched: No, no significant human studies
Effectiveness: No, relatively no human studies
FDA: Legal as a supplement
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Garcinia Cambogia?
A: Category: Weight-loss (Increased BMR)
Mechanism: Increased BMR, through hydroxycitric acid increase in lipid metabolism
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis
Effectiveness: Yes, meta-analysis. Significant side-effects potential hepatic failure, mania, hepatitis
FDA: Legal as a supplement
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Conjugated Linoleic Acid?
A: Category: Weight-loss (Increased BMR)
Mechanism: Increased BMR through improved lypolysis
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis
Effectiveness: Yes, meta-analysis. No side-effects
FDA: Legal as a supplement
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Ephedra?
A: Category: Weight-loss (Increased BMR)
Mechanism: Increased BMR
Researched: Yes, Meta-analysis
Effectiveness: Yes, small benefit for weight loss but potential stimulant related side-effects like tremors, pyschosis and cardiac issues
FDA: Not legal in supplements, banned in 2004
WADA and NCAA: Banned Substance
Q: What is Synephrine?
A: Category: Weight-loss (Increased BMR)
Mechanism: Increased BMR
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis (but many of the studies were with caffeine)
Effectiveness: Yes, modest improvement in weight-loss. Stimulant related side-effects
FDA: Legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Sibutramine?
A: Category: Weight-loss (Increased BMR)
Mechanism: Increased BMR
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis (largescale trials)
Effectiveness: Yes significant weight-loss. Used to be a prescription medication but taken off the market because of significant cardiovascular side-effects
FDA: Not legal in supplements, pharmaceutical drug that was taken off market in 2010
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is DMAA (Methylhaxanamine)?
A: Category: Weight-loss (Increased BMR)
Mechanism: Increased BMR
Researched: No
Effectiveness: Unknown, many stimulant related side-effects
FDA: Not legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Banned Substance
Q: What is DMHA (Octodrine)?
A: Category: Weight-loss (Increased BMR)
Mechanism: Increased BMR
Researched: No
Effectiveness: Unknown many stimulant related side-effects
FDA: Not legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Banned Substance
Q: What is Fenproporex?
A: Category: Weight-loss (Increased BMR)
Mechanism: Increased BMR
Researched: No
Effectiveness: Unknown many stimulant related side-effects
FDA: Not legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Banned Substance
Q: What is Oxandrolone (Anavar)?
A: Category: Anabolic (Oral Steroid)
Mechanism: Attach to androgen receptors - increase mTOR, decrease myostatin, decrease protein degredation
Researched: Yes, but hasn't been researched for performance since before 1988
Effectiveness: Studies prior to 1988 have shown effectiveness in gaining muscle
FDA: Not legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Banned Substance
Q: What is Metandienone (Dianabol)?
A: Category: Anabolic (Oral Steroid)
Mechanism: Attach to androgen receptors - increase mTOR, decrease myostatin, decrease protein degredation
Researched: Yes, but hasn't been researched for performance since before 1988
Effectiveness: Studies prior to 1988 have shown effectiveness in gaining muscle
FDA: Not legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Banned Substance
Q: What is Nandrolone (Deca Durabolin)?
A: Category: Anabolic (Injectable Steroid)
Mechanism: Attach to androgen receptors - increase mTOR, decrease myostatin, decrease protein degredation
Researched: Yes, but hasn't been researched for performance since before 1988
Effectiveness: Studies prior to 1988 have shown effectiveness in gaining muscle
FDA: Not legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Banned Substance
Q: What is Trenbolone (Finajet)?
A: Category: Anabolic (Injectable Steroid)
Mechanism: Attach to androgen receptors - increase mTOR, decrease myostatin, decrease protein degredation
Researched: Yes, but hasn't been researched for performance since before 1988
Effectiveness: Studies prior to 1988 have shown effectiveness in gaining muscle
FDA: Not legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Banned Substance
Q: What is Stanozolol (Winstrol)?
A: Category: Anabolic (Oral or Injectable Steroid)
Mechanism: Attach to androgen receptors - increase mTOR, decrease myostatin, decrease protein degredation
Researched: Yes, but hasn't been researched for performance since before 1988
Effectiveness: Studies prior to 1988 have shown effectiveness in gaining muscle
FDA: Not legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Banned Substance
Q: What is Ostraine (MK-2866)?
A: Category: Anabolic (SARM)
Mechanism: Attach to androgen receptors (only in bone and muscle) - increase mTOR, decrease myostatin, decrease protein degredation
Researched: Yes, but only for older individuals not for performance
Effectiveness: Studies in older individuals have shown increases in muscle mass
FDA: Not legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Banned Substance
Q: What is Ligandrol (LGD-4033)?
A: Category: Anabolic (SARM)
Mechanism: Attach to androgen receptors (only in bone and muscle) - increase mTOR, decrease myostatin, decrease protein degredation
Researched: Yes, but only for older individuals not for performance
Effectiveness: Studies in older individuals have shown increases in muscle mass
FDA: Not legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Banned Substance
Q: What is Creatine Monohydrate?
A: Category: Anabolic (Amino-acid derivative)
Mechanism: Activation of IGF-1 stimulated mTOR increase, proposed increase in satelite cells
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis
Effectiveness: Yes, clinically significant, minimal side-effects related to bloating
FDA: Legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Whey Protein ?
A: Category: Anabolic (Amino-acid derivative)
Mechanism: Activation of mTOR predominantly through leucine pathway
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis, but generally not compared to other protein sources
Effectiveness: Yes, clinically signicant when compared to control, minimal side effects
FDA: Legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned subance
Q: What is Leucine?
A: Category: Anabolic (Amino-acid derivative)
Mechanism: Activation of mTOR through leucine pathway
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis
Effectiveness: Yes, minimal side effects
FDA: Legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is HMB?
A: Category: Anabolic (Amino-acid derivative)
Mechanism: Activation of mTOR through leucine pathway
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis
Effectiveness: Yes, minimal side effects
FDA: Legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Fortetropin?
A: Category: Anabolic (Myostatin-inhibitor)
Mechanism: Inhbition of myostatin which increases mTOR and increases satellite cells
Researched: Yes, but only 3 human studies
Effectiveness: Yes, minimal side effects
FDA: Legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Phosphatidic Acid?
A: Category: Anabolic (mTOR activator)
Mechanism: The direct stimulation of mTOR through the phosphatidic acid
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis but the review was extremely limited
Effectiveness: No, minimal side effects
FDA: legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Glutamine?
A: Category: Anabolic (Amino-acid derivative)
Mechanism: Decrease FOXO pathway or protein degredation
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis
Effectiveness: No, but it did seem to be effective for weight loss, minimal side-effects
FDA: Legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Betaine?
A: Category: Anabolic (Amino-acid derivative)
Mechanism: Increase mTOR, decrease FOXO pathway
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis but the review was extremely limited
Effectiveness: No, minimal side effects
FDA: Legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Boron ?
A: Category: Anabolic (Trace Mineral)
Mechanism: Increase the amount of free testosterone, causing anabolic effects through androgen receptors
Researched: Yes, but only 3 human studies
Effectiveness: Yes, effective in increasing testosterone, but this could be related to boron deficiencies
FDA: Legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is ZMA?
A: Category: Anabolic (Trace Mineral)
Mechanism: Zinc increases testosterone levels causing anabolic effects
Researched: Yes , but roughly 5 studies no meta-analysis
Effectiveness: No, minimal side effects
FDA: Legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Laxogenin ?
A: Category: Anabolic (Synthetic Plant Steroid)
Mechanism: Attach to androgen receptors - increase mTOR, decrease myostatin, decrease protein degredation
Researched: No, only 1 In Vitro study
Effectiveness: No, side-effects unknown
FDA: Not legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Banned Substance
Q: What is Blood doping?
A: Category: Endurance (red blood cell enhancer)
Mechanism: Increasing red blood cells to allow for a higher oxygen carrying capacity and a higher VO2
Researched: Yes, but hasn't been researched for performance since before 1986
Effectiveness: Yes, side-effects are related to increasing blood viscosity.
FDA: Not a supplement
WADA and NCAA: Banned Procedure
Q: What is HIF Agents?
A: Category: Endurance (red blood cell enhancer)
Mechanism: Increases the reaction of low oxygen to induce the creation of red blood cells
Researched: No
Effectiveness: Unknown
FDA: Not legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Banned Substance
Q: What is GATA Inhibitors?
A: Category: Endurance (red blood cell enhancer)
Mechanism: Increases the reaction of low oxygen to induce the creation of red blood cells
Researched: No
Effectiveness: Unknown
FDA: Not legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Banned Substance
Q: What is GW1516?
A: Category: Endurance (PPAR-D activator)
Mechanism: Increases PGC-1alpha, which in turn increases mitochondria, capillary density etc.
Researched: No, stopped at animal studies because of tumor risks
Effectiveness: Yes, very effective in animals but massive side-effects increasing tumor risk
FDA: Not legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Banned Substance
Q: What is AICAR?
A: Category: Endurance (AMPK activator)
Mechanism: Increases PGC-1alpha, which in turn increases mitochondria, capillary density etc.
Researched: Yes, clinical trials but not for performance
Effectiveness: Yes, effective for improving glucose sensitivity and improving fat usage. Side-effects unknown
FDA: Not legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Banned Substance
Q: What is Clenbuterol ?
A: Category: Endurance (Beta-2 agonist) (WADA categorizes anabolic)
Mechanism: Increases bronchodilation and is a sympathomimetic amine
Researched: No, only in animals
Effectiveness: No, effective in increasing muscle mass and potentially changing fiber type but not effective in
FDA: Not legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Banned Substance
Q: What is Sodium Bicarbonate?
A: Category: Endurance (Buffering Agent)
Mechanism: Increases ability to buffer hydrogen ions when going at high intensities
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis
Effectiveness: Yes, side-effects are related to gastrointestinal distress
FDA: Legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Rhodiolo Rosea?
A: Category: Endurance (Phytochemical extract)
Mechanism: Improve sub-maximal substrate utilization and decrease oxidative damage
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis but the review was extremely limited
Effectiveness: Yes, but only was effective for reducing oxidative stress and improving RPE
FDA: Legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Cordyceps Sinesis ?
A: Category: Endurance (Fungus)
Mechanism: Increases PGC-1alpha, which in turn increases mitochondria, capillary density etc.
Researched: Yes, but only 2 human studies
Effectiveness: Yes, was effective in increasing lactate threshold
FDA: Legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Terminalia Argjuna?
A: Category: Endurance (Phytochemical extract)
Mechanism: Improve vasodilation, and sub-maximal substrate utilization
Researched: Yes, but not for performance only for angina
Effectiveness: No, no known side-effects
FDA: Legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Panax Ginseng?
A: Category: Endurance (Phytochemical extract)
Mechanism: Only fully defined mechanism of action increased nitric oxide production
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis but the review was extremely limited
Effectiveness: Yes, there was a small improvement in time to fatigue in endurance trials
FDA: Legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Siberian Ginseng?
A: Category: Endurance (Phytochemical extract)
Mechanism: Improved oxidative phosphorylation relating in spared glycogen
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis but the review was extremely limited
Effectiveness: No, no known side-effects
FDA: Legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Beet Root Extract?
A: Category: Endurance (Phytochemical extract)
Mechanism: Increased nitric oxide production for vasodilation
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis (specifically on nitrates)
Effectiveness: Yes, time-to fatigue improved
FDA: Legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is CoEnzyme Q10?
A: Category: Endurance
Mechanism: Increased oxidative phosphorylation
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis
Effectiveness: No, no known side-effects
FDA: Legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Citrulline Malate?
A: Category: Endurance (amino acid derivative)
Mechanism: Increased nitric oxide production , and increased amonia clearance)
Researched: Yes, meta-analysis but the review was extremely limited
Effectiveness: No, no improvements for endurance performance, no known side-effects
FDA: Legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance
Q: What is Glucuronolactone?
A: Category: Endurance
Mechanism: Decreased fatigue
Researched: No
Effectiveness: Unknown
FDA: Legal in supplements
WADA and NCAA: Not a banned substance