ULL ENVS 150 (Foret) Exam 2

a. palmately compound

The leaf complexity in which leaflets attach to a central petiole like your fingers attach to your palm is called?
a. palmately compound
b. palm-like compound
c. pinnately compound
d. finger-like compound
e. simple

b. collapsing

Carnivorous plants exhibit leaf modifications allowing them to obtain part of their nutrition from insects. Which of the following is NOT a method of trapping food used by this type of plant?
a. all are correct
b. collapsing
c. sticky
d. pitfall
e. hinged

c. whorled

Phyllotaxy in which three or more leaves are attached in a circular pattern around each node is referred to as:
a. opposite
b. random
c. whorled
d. spiral
e. alternate

d. commensalism

A symbiotic relationship when one organism benefits and the other is not harmed is referred to as:
a. mutualism
b. rarism
c. hemi-parisitism
d. commensalism
e. parasitism

c. requires more water

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
a. viability of cuttings decreases with time
b. more expensive than seed propagation
c. requires more water
d. number of cuttings per plant is fewer than could be produced by seed
e. diseases may be transported by cuttage

a. heading back

To make the canopy of a tree more dense, ________________ should be used.
a. heading back
b. root pruning
c. debudding
d. dehorning
e. scalping

a. missing parts

To propagate plants vegetatively the part must regenerate_____.
a. missing parts
b. roots
c. leaves
d. shoots
e. fruits

d. tissue culture

What is an asexual propagation technique were small pieces of tissue are placed in a sterile culture containing all the nutrients, carbohydrates and hormones needed for growth?
a. cuttings
b. fertilization
c. culture club
d. tissue culture
e. apomixis

d. night; carbon dioxide

Cacti use CAM photosynthesis and open their stomata during the _________ so that ______________ can be fixed into 4C acids.
a. night, nitrogen
b. night, oxygen
c. day, oxygen
d. night, carbon dioxide
e. day, carbon dioxide

d. day; carbon dioxide

Corn plants use C4 photosynthesis and open their stomata during the _________ so that ______________ can be fixed into 4C acids.
a. day; oxygen
b. night; oxygen
c. night; nitrogen
d. day; carbon dioxide
e. night; carbon dioxide

a. carbohydrate

_______ is the final product produced in photosynthesis.
a. carbohydrate
b. carbon dioxide
c. ATP
d. rubisco
e. water

b. spongy mesophyll

Which type of tissue is referred to as loosely organized allowing for air exchange within the leaf?
a. cuticle
b. spongy mesophyll
c. lower epidermis
d. palisade mesophyll
e. upper epidermis

d. thorn

A sharp modified stem or branch located at the tip of a branch or at a node is referred to as a:
a. lenticel
b. leaf scar
c. spine
d. thorn
e. prickle

c. vascular cambium

The ____________ is a lateral meristem in stems that results in growth in diameter
a. protoderm
b. Woody Guthrie
c. vascular cambium
d. apical meristem
e. intercalary meristem

a. air

If a horticulturist puts soil around a node to stimulate root formation, this would be called _________ layering.
a. air
b. tip
c. sepentine
d. simple
e. mound

e. dehorning

Very drastic pruning is called ___________ and should be avoided at all times.
a. hedging
b. heading-out
c. pinching
d. disbudding
e. dehorning

b. Seed produced from maternal tissue without fertilization

Which of the following defines apomixis?

a. When agar used in micropropagation separates
b. Seed produced from maternal tissue without fertilization
c. When true breeding hybrids have twice the number of chromosomes
d. Induction of roots and shoots due to the presence of hormones
e. no correct answer

CO2, carbohydrates, CO2

In the Carbon Cycle, _______ stored in the atmosphere is converted to ________ by photosynthesis which is then converted to _______ by respiration and released back into the atmosphere.
a. O2, carbohydrates, O2
b. N2, NH4, NO3
c. CO2, carbohydrates, CO2
d. CO2, proteins, CO2
e. H2O, O2, CO2

a. loses, reduced, gains

Chemical energy is transferred through redox reactions where the oxidized chemical __________ electron(s), and the __________________chemical ______________ electron(s).
a. loses, reduced, gains
b. loses, anabolic, loses
c. gains, reduced, gains
d. loses, anabolic, gains
e. gains, reduced, loses

e. thylakoids

_______ are individual, sack-like membranes that comprise the grana inside chloroplast and contain the chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis.
a. Mitochondria
b. Lamellae
c. Stroma
d. Plasma
e. Thylakoids

b. all organisms

Respiration occurs in:
a. fungi
b. all organisms
c. animals
d. plants
e. bacteria

C. monocot

When the vascular cylinder of the root contains pith, the plant is considered a ____
a. gymnosperm
b. eudicot
c. monocot
d. dicot
e. monocot and eudicot

a. root, storage and propagation

A sugar beet is a modified ____________ that has the following two functions _____________ and ______________.
a. root, storage and propagation
b. leaf, attraction and propagation
c. root, attraction and propagation
d. stem, storage and propagation

e. parasitism

A symbiotic relationship when one organism benefits and the other is harmed is referred to as:
a. mutualism
b. rarism
c. hemi-parisitism
d. commensalism
e. parasitism

D. spongy mesophyll

____________is the part of a dicot leaf that is specialized for gas exchange within the leaf.
a. palisade mesophyll
b. lower epidermis
c. cuticle
d. spongy mesophyll
e. upper epidermis

a. Absorption of water and minerals

Which of the following is not a function of a leaf?
a. Absorption of water and minerals
b. Carry out photosynthesis to make food
c. All are functions of a leaf
d. Storage of photosynthate
e. Regulation of transpiration

e. All offspring are true-to-type and the time to flowering is reduced

Two advantages of asexual or vegetative propagation are:
a.allows propagation of difficult plants and produces hybrids
b. large number of seeds and they are clones.
c. few offspring and they are hybrids.
d. easy to handle large numbers and produces hybrids
e. All offspring are true-to-type and the time to flowering is reduced

e. light reaction

Oxygen is a by-product of photosynthesis, and is produced by the _______________.
a. glycolysis
b. Krebbs cycle
c. fermentation
d. dark reaction
e. light reaction

a. CAM

______ photosynthesis is used by plants from arid or semi-arid environments that open their stomates at night.
a. CAM
b. C5
c. C3
d. SAM
e. C4

e. glucose

_______________ is the input for the glycolysis system in respiration.
a. NADH
b. ATP
c. water
d. carbon dioxide
e. glucose

a. gas exchange

The primary function of stomata is __________________.
a. gas exchange
b. respiration
c. storage
d. photosynthesis
e. protection

b. stock

The bottom part of a graft is called the ___________.
a. interstock
b. stock
c. scion
d. graft union
e. sign

e. a clone

If John Q. Public discovers a very unique looking holly shrub and propagates it by cuttings to produce thousands of young plants, then that population or group of plants would be a good example of _________________.
a. a hybrid
b. parthenocarpy
c. a gamete
d. apomixis
e. a clone

e. Grafting vegetables is becoming popular

Which of the following is TRUE about grafting?
a. Stock plants should be kept in a cooler 6 weeks before grafting
b. Water soluble white glue is frequently used on woody plants
c. Budding is grafting when a very small portion of stock is used
d. All are true
e. Grafting vegetables is becoming popular

e. absorbed

The color of an object is determined by the wavelength of light that is NOT ____________.
a. transmitted
b. visible
c. transmitted or reflected
d. reflected
e. absorbed

e. during the day

Plants that use the C4 photosynthetic pathway open their stomata _________.
a. in the afternoon
b. at night
c. after rain
d. during high winds
e. during the day

d. apple and tomato

Two plants that use the C3 photosynthetic pathway are:
a. succulents and cacti
b. corn and sorghum
c. bermudagrass and sugarcane
d. apple and tomato
e. pineapple and iceplants

e. palmate

Maple leaves have ______________ venation, which is a finger-like net venation with several major veins originating from the connection of the petiole and the leaf blade.
a. pinnate
b. compound
c. parallel
d. simple
e. palmate

c. parallel

Monocot leaves have which of the following venation patterns?
a. palmate net
b. pinnate net
c. parallel
d. rosulate
e. squamous net

a. mutualism

A symbiotic relationship when both organism benefits and neither are harmed or affected is referred to as:
a. mutualism
b. rarism
c. hemi-parisitism
d. commensalism
e. parasitism

b. Photosynthesis

Which of these is NOT a root function?
a. storing food
b. photosynthesis
c. all are root functions
d. absorbing water
e. anchoring the plant

e. phloem

When a horticulturist makes a cut in the stem for layering, they are trying to selectively cut the ______________ so translocation is disrupted.
a. xylem
b. cambium
c. stele
d. epidermis
e. phloem

c. Plant cutting are best when turgid

Which of the following is ALWAYS TRUE when making a cutting from an actively growing plant?
a. Plant cuttings are best when the C:N ratio is higher in C
b. It is a misnomer that misting improves rooting success
c. Plant cutting are best when turgid
d. All are true
e. Root hairs will not grow into damp soil

e. anabolic, endergonic

The ______________ reaction is the process of building complex molecules, this process often requires energy input and thus is __________________
a. catabolic, endergonic
b. anabolic, reductive
c. anabolic, exergonic
anabolic, exergonic
d. catabolic, exergonic
e. anabolic, endergonic

a. Casparian strip

Which of the following is a layer of waterproof tissue which prevents the movement of water to and from the vascular cylinder?
a. Casparian strip
b. cortex
c. ground meristem
d. eudicot
e. plasmodesmata

a. all are functions of a stem

Which of the following is NOT a function of a stem?
a. all are functions of a stem
b. storage of carbohydrates
c. support the attached leaves
d. conduct dissolved minerals
e. conduct water

c. epidermis

The outer layer of a root is called the ________________.
a. Casperian strip
b. endodermis
c. epidermis
d. pericycle
e. cortex

e. closely genetically related

Plants that are _______ can sometimes be successfully grafted.

a. ferns
b. herbs
c. trees
d. palms
e. closely genetically related

e. ATP and NADPH

The light reaction converts light energy into ____________ which provide chemical energy
a. ADP and NADP+
b. ATP and NADP+
c. TAP and NADPH
d. ADP and NADPH
e. ATP and NADPH

b. endodermis

In the root, the Casparian strip occurs in the cell walls of the ____ cells
a. xylem
b. endodermis
c. pericycle
d. epidermis
e. cortex

c. few offspring from each parent and requires a lot of labor

Two disadvantages of asexual or vegetative propagation are:
a. easy to handle large numbers and produces hybrids
b. few offspring from each parent and they are hybrids
c. few offspring from each parent and requires a lot of labor
d. few offspring that remain viable for a long time
e. larger number of seeds and the are clones

e. all are correct

What implants graft compatibility?
a. the blade is sharp.
b. diameter of scion and stock
c. physiological state of both components (active or dormant)
d. moisture is controlled around the graft junction
e. all are correct

c. lower

The ambient level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is ___ compared to the level needed to saturate photosynthesis
a. slightly higher
b. much higher
c. lower
d. similar
e. higher

d. cytosol

The glycolysis reaction of respiration occurs in the _____
a. grana
b. stroma
c. membrane
d. cytosol
e. matrix

a. reflected

The color of an object is determined by the wavelength of light that is ______
a. Reflected
b. Transmitted or reflected
c. Visible
d. Absorbed
e. Transmitted

b. leaves, support

Tendrils are modified ________ , that have a _________ function
a. leaves, storage
b. leaves, support
c. stems, attraction
d. leaves, attraction
e. stems, support

e. carbohydrates and oxygen

Respiration converts _________ into carbon dioxide and water and releases energy.
a. carbohydrates and nitrogen
b. proteins and oxygen
c. lipids and nitrogen
d. lipids and oxygen
e. carbohydrates and oxygen

d. stomata

What are the primary plant parts that control excess water loss?
a. palisade mesophyll
b. lower epidermis
c. vascular bundles
d. stomata
e. stroma

c. ATP and NADH

The two primary energy carrying molecules used in living organisms are:
a. chlorophyll and caotenoids
b. DNA and RNA
c. ATP and NADH
d. sugar and spice
e. ADP and NADP

E. all assist with root formation

Which of the following is used to help initiate rooting in a woody plant cutting?
A. making the cutting at a certain time of the year
B. hormone power
C. cutting from a certain age of wood
D. bottom heat
E. all assist with root formation

e. laminate bulb

A bulb with fleshy leaves forming layers of concentric circle around stem is known as what type of specialized structure
a. corm
b. scaly bulb
c. rhizome
d. tuber
e. laminate bulb

b. thinning out

To make the canopy of a shrub less dense, _______ should be used
a. hedging
b. thinning out
c. scalping
d. lopping

b. mound

If one piles soil around the base of a shrub to induce roots to form at the base of the limbs, this would be called _______ layering
a. simple
b. mound
c. air
d. tip
e. sepentine

e. gaseous exchange

Which of the following is the function of lenticels?
a. all are functions
b. excretion of sap
c. respiration
d. photosynthesis
e. gaseous exchange

d. oceans

Which of the following contains the greatest amount of stored carbon on earth?
a. rocks
b. forests
c. rivers
d. oceans
e. animals

e. catabolic and exergonic

Respiration is a ____________ process
a. catabolic and endergonic
b. redoc and exergonic
c. anabolic and exergonic
d. anabolic and endergonic
e. catabolic and exergonic

b. fibrous

Which type of root system generally maximizes water utilization from resources closer to the soil surface?
a. tap root
b. fibrous
c. prop root
d. aerial
e. epiphytic

b. All impact graft compatibility

Which of the following does NOT impact graft compatibility?
a. Diameter of scion and stock
b. All impact graft compatibility
c. Physiological state of both components (active or dormant)
d. Moisture is controlled around the graft junction
e. The blade is sharp

e. stomata

What is the primary method that controls excess water loss?
a. no correct answer
b. lower epidermis
c. vascular bundles
d. stroma
e. stomata

c. stroma

The dark reaction of photosynthesis occurs in the ____________ of the chloroplast.
a. membrane
b. grana
c. stroma
d. matrix
e. cytosol

b. the light reaction occurs

The light independent reaction (Calvin Cycle) of photosynthesis occurs only when ______
a. there is no rubisco present
b. the light reaction occurs
c. there is no oxygen present
d. there is no CO2 present
e. at night

c. prop root

Above ground roots arising from the stems of a plant which grow down to the soil
a. tap root
b. fibrous root
c. prop root
d. aerial root
e. epiphytic root

d. aerial

Above ground root arising from branches or leaves rather than from the stem and attaches to the soil
a. tap root
b. fibrous root
c. prop root
d. aerial root
e. epiphytic root

b. shoot

The entire above ground portion of a plant
a. scion
b. shoot
c. stock
d. interstock
e. graft union

c. ground meristem

Forms the cortex and pith with parenchyma cells for storage
a. Casparian strip
b. cortex
c. ground meristem
d. eudicot
e. plasmodesmata

b. All are foliage characteristics involved with water loss

What is the foliage characteristic involved with water loss?
a. Though fleshy leaves with a thick epidermis
b. All are foliage characteristics involved with water loss
c. Replacement of leaves with a thick epidermis
d. The presence of pubescence to reflect light
e. Overlapping trichomes which reduce leaf exposure to air movement

d. no correct answer

Which of the following is NOT a common response to cold temperatures?
a. senescence
b. reduce the absorption of water
c. color change
d. no correct answer
e. abscission

b. totipotency

The concept that every cell in a plant has the potential to reproduce the entire plant.
a. allogeny
b. totipotency
c. mimicri
d. schizophreny
e. omnipotency

b. are clusters of light absorbing pigments

Photostems:
a. all are correct
b. are clusters of light absorbing pigments
c. are found on the thylakoid membranes
d. have a reaction center
e. have an antennae complex

c. sunlight and chlorophyll

During photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of _______ and _______, produce simple sugar and oxygen.
a. chloroplast and vacoules
b. green light and chlorophyll
c. sunlight and chlorophyll
d. sunlight and mitochondria
e. water and mitochondria

c. decrease productivity

Which is NOT an objective when pruning?
a. dwarfing
b. invigorating
c. decrease productivity
d. Develop strong branch framework
e. health and safety

caldophyl

When the stem of a plant is flat and capable of functioning like a leaf, it is called?

Lamina

____________________ is the flattened, green, expanded portion of a leaf.

stroma, glucose

The Calvin cycle occurs in the _______ of the chloroplast and uses ATP to generate _______ .

CO2 release is the same as CO2 uptake

The light compensation point is reached when:

radiant, chemical

The net result of photosynthesis is that _______ energy is converted to _______ energy.

Epidermis

Root hairs are an extension of the ___________________ cells.

On the bottom of the limb and 6 inches out

To properly prune a large limb on a tree, with wide crotch angles, the first cut is made

Both A and B

The increase in length of a root is the result of which of the following?

Scion

The top part of a graft is called the ___________.

Allows production of cuttings each with unique characteristics

Which of the following is NOT a reason to use asexual propagation?

produces ethanol or lactate and ATP from glucose

Fermentation:

wheat and potatoes

Two plants that use the C3 photosynthetic pathway are:

younger plants have a higher nitrogen level and lower carbon level

Which of the following is TRUE about asexual reproduction?

lenticel

A __________________ is a rough area on some stems that serves as a "breathing pore" for gas exchange.

atrinal

__________________is a chemical pinching agent that overcomes apical dominance.

annual growth

The distance between two terminal buds scars is considered to be a measure of

Foliage may be used to help prop up the cutting in the media

Which of the following steps is generally NOT followed when making cuttings?

oxygen is absent

Alcoholic fermentation occurs only when ______________________.

blue and red

Chlorophyll a mainly absorbs ___________ ___________ light.