Chapter 9 - The Worlds of Islam

Allah

Submission to ________ (the word "Muslim "literally means "one who submits) "was the main requirement of Muslims and the only way to live a God- conscious life in this world and to enter Paradise after death.

Mecca

________ was the site of the Kaaba, Arabia's most renowned religious sanctuary, which featured depictions of approximately 360 deities and was a popular pilgrimage destination despite being off the main long- distance commerce routes.

Abbasid caliph al Mamun

The ________, himself a poet and scholar with a passion for foreign learning, founded the House of Wisdom in Baghdad in 830 as a study and translation center.

Hinduism

Confucianism and Daoism from China, ________ and Buddhism from India, Greek philosophy from the Mediterranean area, and Zoroastrianism from Persia Most of the main religious or cultural traditions of the second- wave era came from the core of existing civilizations.

Muhammad

The "greater jihad, "as ________ referred to it, was an inward personal effort by each believer against greed and selfishness, a spiritual strive toward living a God- conscious life.

Arab

The Quran's message attacked not just ________ religion's ancient polytheism and Mecca's social inequalities, but also ________ society's entire tribe and clan structure, which was prone to conflict, bickering, and violence.

Byzantine Empire

The ________, heir to the Roman world, and the Sassanid Empire, heir to the imperial traditions of Persia, were on the fringe of two established and opposing civilizations at the time.

Baghdad

became the capital of the Abbasid Empire in 756, quickly expanded into a magnificent city with a population of half a million people.

Arab troops

________ attacked the Byzantine and Persian Sassanid empires, the region's main powers, within a few years after Muhammad's death in 632.

Muhammad Ibn Abdullah

________, who was born into a Quraysh household in Mecca, was the trigger for those events and the foundation of this new faith.

Arabian Peninsula

Bedouins, nomadic Arabs who herded their sheep and camels in seasonal migrations, had long inhabited the middle part of the ________.

globe of Islamic civilization

The ________ was not only a network of faith, but also a vast marketplace where goods, technologies, food products, and ideas were freely exchanged.

Muhammad

________ lost his parents as a child, was raised by an uncle, and worked as a shepherd to support himself.

Umma

form of "super tribe," yet it was very different from Arab society's conventional tribes. Membership was based on faith rather than birth, which allowed society to grow quickly

Greater Jihad

inward personal effort by each believer against greed and selfishness, a spiritual strive toward living a God-conscious life

Struggle/jihad

the sixth pillar

Bedouins

nomadic Arabs who herded their sheep and camels in seasonal migrations, had long inhabited the middle part of the Arabian Peninsula