div 1 lab practical 2

suny esf

Juniperus Genus is within the family

Cupressaceae with dimoprhic foliage and flower-like cones that remain on the branches  

Larix Genus is within the family

Pinaceae with deciduous foliage

Pinus Genus within the family

Pinaceae with needles in groups of 2,3 or 5.

cones with an apophysis 

Picea Genus within the family

Pinaceae with individual needles on sterigmata 

Abies Genus within the family

Pinaceae with individual flattened, aromatic needles

cones with excreted bracts 

What is the name given to the groups of needles

Fasicles

The two genera within the family Cupressaceae with deciduous foliage  

Taxodium and Metasequoia

Arborvitae, whitecedar, redcedar

Thuja

You saw a single species baldcypress

Taxodium

Cypress, false cypress

Chamaecyparis

There is a single species, dawn redwood

Metasequoia

Douglas- fir

Pseudotsuga

Fir

Abies

Hemlock 

Tsuga

Juniper

Juniperus

Larch

Larix

Pine 

Pinus 

Spruce

Picea

Cupressaceae OR Pinaceae: Metasequoia

Cupressaceae

Cupressaceae OR Pinaceae: Taxodium

Cupressaceae

Cupressaceae OR Pinaceae: Thuga 

Cupressaceae

Cupressaceae OR Pinaceae: Chamaecyparis

Cupressaceae

Cupressaceae OR Pinaceae: Juniperus 

Cupressaceae

Cupressaceae OR Pinaceae: Abies 

Pinaceae

Cupressaceae OR Pinaceae: Larix 

Pinaceae

Cupressaceae OR Pinaceae: Picea 

Pinaceae

Cupressaceae OR Pinaceae: Pinus 

Pinaceae

Cupressaceae OR Pinaceae: Pseutosuga  

Pinaceae

Cupressaceae OR Pinaceae: Tsuga 

Pinaceae

Foliage — occurs singly, leaves circular leaf scar, aromatic

Fruit — cone with deciduous scales

Abies

Foliage — flattened sprays, finer texture

Fruit — peltate cone (exploding soccer ball), persistent 

Chamaecyparis

Foliage - dimorphic

Fruit — berry-like 

Juniperus 

Foliage — produced on terminal shoots and spur shoots

Fruit — upright persistent cone 

Larix

Foliage — occurs singly on sterigmata 

Fruit — cone without apophysis or umbo 

Picea

Foliage — occurs in fascicles of 2,3 or 5

Pinus 

Foliage — occurs singly, elevated slightly off twig, buds sharp

Fruit — cone with exserted bracts 

Pseuotsuga

Foliage — flattened sprays, evergreen 

Fruit — upright, flower-like cone, persistent 

Thuja

Sporophyte Dominant

is a defining character of Lycopodiophyta

Possession of microphylls

is a defining character of Lycopodiophyta

Sporangia-bearing sporophylls clustered into strobili

is a defining character of Lycopodiophyta

Club Mosses are most

conspicuous in winter

Club mosses remain green in the winter 

in stark contrast to surrounding plants or snow. 

Microphylls thickly cover stems that may or may not branch 

in club mosses

In club mosses Mains tems may be

erect, prostrate or creeping.

club mosses develop roots

along a horizontal stem

in club mosses the horizontal stem is called a 

rhizome

All club mosses are

dichotomously branched (forked)

In club mosses, strobili occur

at the end of an upright stem

Club mosses produce how many types of spores?

1

Club mosses are

homosporous

Spike mosses produce ____ types spores 

2

spike mosses are

heterosporous

In spike mosses, megaspores are produced in a

megasporangium on a megasporophyll

megasporangium on a megasporophyll give rise to

female gametophytes

in spike mosses microspores produced in a microsporangium

on a macrosporophyll

microspores produced in a microsporangium on a macrosporophyll

give rise to male gametophytes

in spike mosses, both types of spores are produced in the same

strobilus

in spike mosses, both types of spores are produced in different

sporangia

A defining characteristic of Equisetidae is Jointed 

stems and rough texture 

A defining characteristic of Equisetidae is Leaves

whorled at the nodes

A defining characteristic of Equisetidae is Internodes are

ribbed and the ribs are strengthened with siliceous deposits

Identify A

Frond

Identify B 

Blade 

Identify C

Stalk/Stipe

Identify D

Rhizome

Identify E

Root

Identify F 

Fiddlehead(Crosler) 

Identify G 

Pinnule 

G on this chart can be divided into

lobes

Identify H 

Pinna 

Identify I 

Axis (Rachis)

The seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms covered are all

sporophyte-dominant.

The seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms are

Inconspicuous

short lived gametophytes 

develope when spores germinate 

short lived gametophytes develope when spores germinate 

but the male and female gametes they produce untie to form a zygote

that zygote grows into the more

conspicuous often perennial sporophyte 

Height, shape or outline of the frond CHARACTER STATES

slides no say ☹

growth form CHARACTER STATES

individual or in spiral like clumps

Blade dissection CHARACTER STATES 

fronds can emerge individually, along a creeping rhizome or fronds can emerge in circular or clumped patterns. 

Stipe color CHARACTER STATES

ferns can either be generally the came color or have color gradation

stipe texture, stipe grooving CHARACTER

grooved or not grooved

pinnae shape,

lobing, teeth, vein, patterning, position, sessile vs stalked 

presence of reproductive parts on specialized fronds or structures that differ from sterile ones

sori arrangement and position

sori can be circular or linear, on the margin or away from the margin, or visible or non visible

presence and shape of induism 

habitat

evolution: protection

seeds can have a thicker and harder coat than spores

evolution: nutrition  

seeds can have a higher internal volume than spores, allowing for the storage of oils, nutrients and starch to start the embryos development 

evolution: often a means of dispersal

seeds allow for new dispersal mechanisms such as passing through the digestive system of animals such as deer, being cached by animals such as squirrels and being easily collected and planted by humans.

Cycadophyta

was one of the 3 gymnosperms discussed in lab

Ginkgophyta

was one of the 3 gymnosperms discussed in lab

Gnetophyta

was one of the 3 gymnosperms discussed in lab

What are five synapomorphies of flowering plants?

• Flowers.

• Closed carpels.

• Stamens with 2 pairs of pollen sacs.

• Double fertilization.

• Phloem with sieve tubes and companion cells.

What characterizes primitive angiosperms?

Many stamens with undifferentiated anther and filament; many whorled tepals (non-differentiated petals and sepals).

What are key features of monocots?

• 1 cotyledon.

• Floral parts in 3s.

• Parallel venation.

What are key features of eudicots?

• 2 cotyledons.

• Floral parts in 4s or 5s.

• Net venation.

What adaptation helps spring ephemerals disperse seeds?

Seeds have an elaiosome (tasty coating for ants).

Why can spring ephemerals survive in cold or variable conditions?

They have underground storage tissues.

What specialized tissue helps aquatic and wetland plants with gas exchange?

Aerenchyma.

What are key adaptations of aquatic species?

Broad, flat leaves; no internal support; flexible structure.