Chapter 6: APUSH Study guide

City upon a hill

A term used by John Winthrop to describe the Massachusetts Bay colony as a model of Christian charity.

Encomienda

A Spanish colonial system granting colonists the right to demand tribute from native populations.

Head system

A land distribution system in Virginia, providing 50 acres for each immigrant who paid for their own passage.

Indentured servitude

A labor system where individuals worked in exchange for passage to the New World, as well as food, clothing, and shelter.

Joint stock company

An organization that allowed multiple investors to pool resources for financial ventures.

Mercantilism

The theory that a nation's wealth is measured by the amount of gold and silver it has to benefit its mother country.

Middle passage

The second leg of the triangular trade route that led to the creation of the slave trade routes.

Praying towns

Settlements established by Puritans where Native Americans could adopt Christianity.

Pre-Colombian era

The period before Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas.

Proprietary colony

A colony granted by Great Britain to an individual so that they could govern it.

Revivalism

A religious movement that focused on preaching about salvation.

Royal colony

A colony that was directly governed by the Royal Crown.

Salutary neglect

The British policy of loosely enforcing trade regulations.

Slavery

A system in which individuals are owned as property.

Spanish mission systems

Religious outposts established by Spanish colonists to convert Native Americans.

Tariff

Taxes imposed on imported goods to protect domestic industries and generate government revenue.

The Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World following Columbus's voyages.

The Triangular Trade

A system of transatlantic trade in which goods and enslaved people were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

The Middle Passage

The horrific journey endured by enslaved Africans transported to the Americas, characterized by overcrowded ships and inhumane conditions.

Bacon’s Rebellion

A 1676 uprising in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley's administration, protesting colonial government corruption and the lack of protection against Native American attacks.

The Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World following Christopher Columbus's voyages.

The first great awakening

A religious revival movement in the American colonies during the early 18th century that emphasized personal faith and emotional experience over traditional church doctrine.

Huron Confederacy

A group of Native American tribes in the Great Lakes region that formed a political alliance for mutual defense and trade. They played a significant role in early colonial interactions.

King Philip’s War

A conflict between Native American inhabitants of New England and English colonists from 1675 to 1676, primarily led by Metacom, known as King Philip. This war was marked by violent battles and significant casualties on both sides, ultimately resulting in the defeat of the Native Americans.

Pequot War

A conflict between the Pequot tribe and English settlers in New England from 1636 to 1638. The war resulted in the near annihilation of the Pequot tribe and established English dominance in the region.

Pueblo Revolt

(1680) uprising of Pueblos vs. the Spanish Missionaries trying to conniver them in New Mexico

Salem Witch Trials

(1692-93) 20 ppl died; executed for accusations of witchcraft. Salem, Mass.

Spanish Armada defeat

(1588) they were defeated by an English fleet; this created a shift in naval power

The “starving time”

(1609-1610) severe famine in Jamestown

Stono Uprising

this was the first successful slave rebellion ( was in South Carolina )

Anne hutchinson

proponent of antinomiusim, disliked by many; she was tried and banished

bortolome de las casas

think; radical beliefs on native treatment= thought Europeans where the best

calvinists

settlers of mass. bay colony

congregationalists

puritans who wanted to reform the Anglican Church

George whitefield

congregationalists; closely tied with southern evangelism

pueblo people

indigenous people of the southwestern United States, known for their distinctive architecture and culture

puritans

English protestant who sought to purify the church of England

Roger williams

colonial american preacher who founded Rhode Island

separatists

a group of puritans who sought to separate from the church of England

virgina company

a joint-stock company that established the first permanent English settlement in north america

sir Walter Raleigh

English explorer and writer who sponsored early expedition to the Americas

Wampanoags

indigenous people of the northeastern us

zambos

people of mixed African and Native American ancestry

John Rolfe

survived the Jamestown starvation period; married Pocahontas

John smith

took over Jamestown colony

Johnathan edwards

congregationalists; pre determine doctitrinces of Calvinism ( vivid depictions of hell )

Juan de Onate

Spanish explorer, wanted to convert people to christianity

maroons

africans who escaped slavery and formed their own settlements

mestizos

persons of natives and europeans

Metacomet

leader of the native americans ( king Philip ) leader of wamponags

pilgrims

came to new world by mayflower

pochahontes

Powhatans daughters; married John Rolfe

Bering Strait

a strait between the Pacific and Arctic oceans, separating the Chukchi Peninsula of the Russian Far East from the Seward Peninsula of Alaska

The Chesapeake

the Chesapeake Bay, a large estuary in the United States, and the Chesapeake Bay watershed, which includes parts of several state

Jamestown

the first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607

The Lower South

the Carolines and Georgia

Massachusetts Bay Colony

a British settlement in New England in the 17th century. It was founded by Puritans who wanted to practice their religion without persecution. 

Middle colonies

The Middle Colonies were a subset of the Thirteen Colonies in British America, located between the New England Colonies and the Southern Colonies. Along with the Chesapeake Colonies, this area now roughly makes up the Mid-Atlantic states

New England

The New England colonies were a group of British colonies in the northern part of North America. The colonies included Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Plymouth. 

act of toleration

The Toleration Act 1688, also referred to as the Act of Toleration or the Toleration Act 1689, was an Act of the Parliament of England. Passed in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution, it received royal assent on 24 May 1689

dominion of new England

The Dominion of New England was created by King James II of England to give him greater control over the colonies. He wanted to control colonial trade and manufacturing, and expand the Church of England.

fundamental orders of Connecticut

The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut were the first constitution of the American colonies. They were adopted in 1639 by the Connecticut River towns of Hartford, Wethersfield, and Windsor. The Fundamental Orders established a representative government and the rule of law for the Connecticut colony. 

halfway covenant

a partial church membership agreement in 17th century New England. It allowed children of baptized church

maryland toleration act

was the first law in North America to protect religious freedom for Christians. It was passed by the Maryland assembly in St. Mary's City

mayflower compact act

an agreement signed in 1620 by male passengers of the Mayflower to create a civil government in Plymouth Colony. The compact established a common bond among the Pilgrims and introduced English concepts of law and liberty to the New World. 

navigation acts

a series of laws passed by the British Parliament to regulate trade between Britain and its colonies in North America. The acts were intended to increase British economic power and self-sufficiency.