3. charles and challenges 1629-46

what was the court of the star chambers

privy council members selected by monarch that sentenced guilty defendants, known for having extra harsh punishments during personal rule

what was the court of High Commission

chief court of the church used by laud to enforce conformity to laudianism

how did Charles withdraw from the 30 years war and why

treaty of Susa 1629 - ended war with france

treaty of Madrid 1630 - ended war with spain

did it to save money

what we’re the Weston Reforms

reforms to help the cost of running charles court

what was the public response to charles reduction in finances for the court

puritans we’re mad at withdrawal from 30YW because they saw it as a crusade to crush Catholicism, members of the political nation were angry because they were used to the decadence of James’ court

how did charles gain money through custom duties during PR

increased the tax on paid good in the Book of Rates so money from this rose to £425,000 a year

what were warships during PR

crown could run any estate inherited by someone under the age of 21. income from ward ship increased by 1/3 during personal rule to about £75,000 a year

how did charles exploit monopolies during PR

granted monopoly for soap to Popish Soap which earned him £33,000 during PR

how did charles use recusancy fines during his PR

increased fines leading to gaining £5,300 a year in the 1620s to gaining £26,866 in 1634

what were forest fines and what was its impact

fined any landowners or royal land but used untrustworthy maps, only gained him £38,667 but alienated him from all land owners

what was ship money

originally taxing costal areas to help with the navy but in 1634 was levied on non-coastal areas, everyone hated it but raised Charles £200,000 a year

what was the Scottish Rebellion

1639/40 - Scottish bishops faced immense backlash from the public after reading out from the new Scottish prayer book, many revolts started in Edinburgh and Glasgow

whats the difference between the Scottish Rebellion and the Bishops’ War

Scottish rebellion triggered the Bishops’ war, was officially called BW when it turned into an armed conflict

who were the Covenanters

presbyterian radicals who united against Charles’ religious policy

what was the General assembly in Glasgow September 1638

in an attempt to give himself more time to raise an army, Charles set up this assembly to give the Scots more control over themselves

what was the outcome of the General Assembly

they annuled Laud’s Canons and got rid of Bishops in Church

what was the Truce of Berwick

June 1639 - Ended First Bishop’s War once Charles realised he couldn’t win Parliament and the General assembly agreed to disband their armies and limit Charles’ power in Scotland, Covenanters didn’t trust Charles so kept their army anyway

how was Wentworth involved in the Bishops’ war

Charles recalled WW in September 1629 to help, WW said the only solution was to call Parliament and ask for money

what happened in the short Parliament

Charles refused to compromise (big shock) so was dissolved after Parliament refused to blindly give Charles money, Charles decided to face the scots in the feild

what was the Treaty of Ripon

1640 -treaty Charles had to agree to to stop the fighting of second bishops war, kci had to pay scots £850 a day while scots were in newcastle

how much control did Charles of the Irish

most of Ireland was control by local irish catholic lords

who was in charge of Ireland

Wentworth was made Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1632

what were Irish Plantations

places in Ireland where Protestant populations were sent to make the Catholic population less catholic

resented by ‘old english’ Irish elites

how did the Irish feel about Laudianism

Catholics didn’t mind but the Protestant settlers were normally more radical and already felt threatened by being the minority population, they thought the policies were too catholic

what was the Irish Rebellion

Oct 1641 - Irish Catholics took advantage of no WW and were scared of Presbyterians and protestants teaming up and becoming too powerful and controlling the Catholics too much. they rebelled on Ulster (heavily English controlled area of Ireland) and killed at least 3000

what were the petition of 12 peers

Aug 1640 - grievances about religion, increase in popery, controlling Irish and Scottish forces, ship money, and personal rule given to Charles by 12 English Lords when he asked them for money

what was Bedford’s proposed financial settlement

1640 - attempts at reforming crown finances by bridging the gap between parliament and Charles, removed Charles’ sneaky methods of collecting money without Parliament, return to Elizabethan style Church, etc. delayed due to Charles’ hesitance and Bedford’s death

what did Bedford’s death mean for charles

death of a moderate protestant and WW’s execution lead to Charles having to promote the extreme Puritan Pym instead

what attempt was made of WW nov 1640

failed impeachment attempt for attempting to send the stationed Irish army to England to help Charles, Parliament believed it would help them get through to Charles

what was the London Mob

a group of normal (but rich) Londoners who participated in petitions and supported Parliament, evoked fear of revolution, gathered to keep WW in the ToL after the army plot, used by Pym to put pressure on Parliament, such as with the Act Against Forcible Dissolution

what was the root and branch petition

Dec 1640 - signed by 15,000 londoners that demanded an end to Bishops, well liked by Pym. Caused some moderates to support Charles because they thought ‘undoing’ the church was too far

what was the Triennial Act

Feb 1641 - act that attempted to prevent PR in the future: abolished ship money, claimed Charles must call the Parliament at least once every three years, Parliament must last at least 90 days, Parliament could be opened without Charles if he failed to do so by Lord Chancellor

what was the Army Plot

May 1641 - rumours revealed by Pym that royalists intended to seize the ToL, release WW and dissolve parliament. London Crowd defended the tower. Scots wouldn’t make peace until WW was dead

what was the Bill of Attainder against WW

medival method of removing anyone seen as a threat from Parliament without a formal trial, passed by Parliament 204 votes to 59 but only half of MPs voted, led to Charles eventually signing WW’s death warrant due to fear for his family’s safety

what were the 10 propositions

written by Pym June 1641 - listed out Parliament’s wants for Charles: Parliament choses Privy council, Parliament control who is around/’influencing’ the Queen (no Catholics), Parliament controls religious education to royal children. Rules on his family really annoyed Charles

how did Parliament react to Charles leaving for Scotland

set up commitee of defence to watch over him during the trip for any plotting, some Mps argued watching over Charles would only worsen relationships with him

what was ‘The Incident’

Oct 1641 - Charles discovered plot for royalists to kidnap radical Covenanters, destroyed Charles’ hopes of fixing relationship with Scots as he was linked to the plot

what was the Grand remonstrance

Nov 1641 - list of radical puritan criticisms written by Pym of Charles since 1625, mainly p choosing his advisers, but didn’t mention religion as it was too topical and wouldn’t gain enough support, seen as a direct attack on Charles, debated in Parliament showing the beginning of Royalists v. Parliament, only just passed 148 to 139

what was the 5 members coup

3rd Jan 1642 - against Parliamentary privileges, Charles entered House of Commons to arrest Pym, Hampden, Haselrig, Holles, Strode, and Montagu fro treason, but they had all already left HoC really embarrassing for Charles (personally i’d kms), speaker refused to give Charles their location as he ‘worked for Parliament not the Crown’

what were the 19 propersistions

june 1642 - Charles had to follow these rules set out by Parliament: the 5 impeached members of Parliament had to be pardoned, Charles had to except the Triennial Act and Militia ordinance, Parliament would direct a reformation of the church

what was the Royalist response to the 19 proposistions

they wrote ‘The Answer to the 19 Propersistions’ which portrayed the king as the force to prevent anarchy, stated that Parliament’s proposals would led England down a dark path.

what was the offical start of the first civil war in England

22 August 1642 - Charles declared war on Parliament by raising his forces at Nottingham

what was the Book of Canons

1636 - introduced preaching licences, and asserted king’s authority over ministers of the church

what was the first Bishop’s war

1637 - a result of the English Prayer Book and new Laudian reforms, war between scotland and charles

what was the outcome of the bishops war

1639 - Scotland was Superior and it only ended with the truce of berwick because kci lacked the money to continue fighting

what was the act of revocation

1625 - ended dispute with Scottish nobles over land claims by giving all crown and royal lands lost since 1540 back to the crown

why did kci have to reopen p 1640

needed the money to fight the Scottish, Wentworth advised him to

what was the main aim of the long parliament before civil war

to make sure personal rule could never happen again

get rid of ‘evil advisers’ laud and wentworth

what caused the divisions in parliament that would lead to the formation of parliamentarians and royalists parties later in the civil war during the long p

religion!

strict puritans that wanted to use the opportunity to get rid of laud, reform the church, and abolish bishops

and those that thought the changes were going too far and that just returning to a more Jacobethan balance was enough

what was kci reaction to the grand remostance

rejected it and tension led to five members coup

what was the 1642 militia ordinance

as a result of 5 members coup and allegations of cahoots with irish catholics, p passed it to allow houses of p to take over militia in extreme situations

how did kci react to the 1642 militia ordinance

stopped it claiming it went against his royal prerogative and raised troops

p raised its only troops in response, gaining equal support

what was the Treaty of Madrid

1630- ended war with Spain, done to reduce spending, reduced spending on war from £500,000 a year to £70,000

how much money did kci raise from continuing to collect tonnage and poundage

£358,000

how did kci use distraint of knighthood to raise money

acient law, meant he could legally fine anyone who made more that £40 a year who didn’t get knighted at kci’s corronation

the fines raised him £175,000

how much money did kci raise from Ship Money

£200,000 a year 1634-40

what was the taxpayers’ strike 1639

many protestant people stopped paying ship money because didn’t want money going to fight Scots in bishops war

went from gaining 98% of expected revenue 1635-36 to 20% in 1639

who was john hampden

1637 - puritan gentry who refused to pay ship money

used as a tets case by charles to shut people up

kci won case but only by 7:5 which showed strong opposition

why did london Merchants not want to pay kci money for the bishops war

were alienated by wentworth when he was Lord Deputy so only offered him £5,000

who was the leading oppositional mp in p

Pym

why did the short p fail

kci refused to listen to any of the loads of complaints that p had from PR and just demanded money first

faced harsh backlash as a result

why did kci call the long p

after defeat in the second bishop’s war he needed money really bad

why did the Scots win the second bishop’s war

english soldiers unethusiastic, didn’t want to follow arminianism either, were ill equipped

what was Pym’s junto

an organised group of opposition agasint kci

what were the aims of Pym gainst kci

wrote arrative of ‘evil advisers’ being the problem therefore never attacking kci directly

how were kci’s ‘evil advsers’ attacked

most were impeached or fled to Europe

Laud was imprisioned in the ToL

wentworth arrested and charged with high treason

what was the Act of Forcible Dissolution

1641 in Long p - kci made to pass it by pressure from London mob

meant only long p itself could decide when they could dissolve

didn’t apply to p’s after long p as to not restrict royal perogative

what was st Gregory’s case

Nov 1633. - opposed Laud moving alter from Elizabethean location to Catholic location, Parishoners in St G's appealed the move. - Legal right was settled for Bishops to decide.