Bio HL Cells

Anaphase

- Shortest phase
- 2 sister chromatids are pulled apart and each chromosome is pulled to opposite ends of the cell.
- Moved by the shortening of microtubules

Cancer

- Rapid production of cells
- The P53 gene controls cell division

Cytokinesis Animal

- Cytoplasm pinches off with the Cleavage Furrow

Cytokinesis Plant

- Have a cell wall in plants so no furrowing
- Form a cell plate instead
- Cell plate matures into a cell wall
- Plants don't have centrioles

G0 Phase

- Some cells do not reproduce and after the G1 they enter G0 and remain their until the cell dies

G1 Phase

○ During the G1 phase the cell is growing and carrying out normal cellular processes

G2 Phase

- During the G2 phase the cell prepares for mitosis/meiosis
- Increases number of organelles
- The DNA begins changing from chromatin to chromosomes
- Microtubules begin to form

Genetic Material

- Genetic material \= DNA
- DNA occurs in 2 forms:
- Chromatin- (DNA not coiled)
- Chromosome - (coiled DNA)
- The process of forming chromosomes from chromatin is called supercoiling

Interphase

- Longest phase in the cell cycle
- Most cells are in the interphase
- Where normal cellular activities occur

Meiosis

- In sex cells
- Number of chromosome are halved
- Produces haploid cells
- Produced cells are genetically various
- Produces 4 cells

Metaphase

- The chromosomes are pulled to the middle of the cell
- Line up along the equator or metaphase plate

Mitosis

- In somatic cells
- Chromosome \# maintained
- Produces diploid cells
- Produced cells are genetically identical
- Produces 2 cells

Prophase

- Longest phase of mitosis
- The chromatin condenses and forms chromosomes
- The nuclear membrane disappears
- The nucleolus disappears
- The centrioles begin to form the spindle
- The centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
- Each microtubule will go through the center of the centromere
- AKA the Kinetochore

S Phase

- DNA Synthesis
- S\= synthesis
- Where DNA is replicated

Supercoiling

1) The DNA wraps around HISTONES to form NUCLEOSOMES
2) The NUCLEOSOMES wrap into a bundle called a SOLENOID
3) The SOLENOID's from DOMAIN's
4) The DOMAIN'S coil together to form a CHROMOSOME
- Before Supercoiling the DNA must be copied
- The 2 copies are called SISTER CHROMATIDS
- The sister chromatids are connected by the CENTROMERE
- Each half is called a CHROMATID until it separates

Telophase

- Exact opposite of prophase
- Nucleolus reappears
- Nuclear membrane reappears
- Centrioles and spindle disappear
- Cells begin to pinch off( Animal only)