Study Communication

Organizational rituals

________ are repeated behaviors that provide a familiar routine to an organizations experiences.

Pronunciation

________ is how correctly someone combines vowel and consonant sounds to say words.

Confirmation bias

________ is the tendency to pay attention only to information that supports your values and beliefs, while discounting or ignoring information that doesnt.

Civil dialogue

________, a process of engaging in honest, authentic, and respectful conversation with others.

Backchanneling

________ is using facial expressions, nods, vocalizations, and verbal statements to let the speaker know youre paying attention.

Rebuttal tendency

________ is the propensity to debate a speakers point and formulate a reply while that person is still speaking.

Jargon

________ the technical vocabulary of a certain occupation or profession, is related to slang.

Articulation

________- the extent to which the speaker pronounces words clearly.

Noise

________ is anything that interferes with your ability to encode or decode a message.

Interpretation

________ is the process of assigning meaning to information that has been selected for attention and organized.

Weasel words

________ are terms or phrases intended to mislead listeners by implying something they dont actually say.

Threat

________ a declaration of the intention to harm someone if the receiver does or doesnt do something specific.

Desensitization

________- the process of confronting frightening situations head- on.

Bibliography

________ (or reference list) is a list of sources you used in preparing your speech.

Globalization

________ refers to the increasing interconnectedness of societies and their economies as a result of developments in transportation and communication.

Task rituals

________ are repeated activities that enhance peoples abilities to do their jobs.

Anchor

________- and- contrast approach is a persuasion technique by which one precedes a desired request with a request that is much larger.

Social validation principle

________ maintains that people will comply with requests if they believe others are also complying.

Mnemonics

________ are tricks that can aid our short- and long- term memory.

Kinesics

________ the study of movement gesticulation the use of arm and hand movements to communicate Emblems are any gestures that have a direct verbal translation.

Avatars

________- graphic representations of people Slideshow- a selection of images and text created in a presentation software and projected on a screen for the audience to see.

Libel

________ refers to defamatory statements made in print or some other fixed medium, such as a photograph or a motion picture.

Credibility

________ is the extent to which others perceive us to be competent and trustworthy a.

G Articulation

________ describes how clearly someone speaks.

Symmetry

________ is the similarity between the left and right sides of your face.

Inflection

________ describes variation in a voices pitch.

Empathizing

________ is conveying to the speaker that you understand and share his or her feelings on the topic being discussed.

Criticism

________ consists of words that pass judgment on someone or something.

Public speaking anxiety

A(n) ________ (stage fright)- nervousness or fear brought on by performing in front of an audience.

G Advising

________ is communicating advice to the speaker about what he or she should think, feel, or do.

Denotative

________ meaning the literal meaning of a word, the way the dictionary defines it.

Haptics

________ is the study of how we use touch to communicate.

Sapir Whorf hypothesis

The ________ has been criticized because it is equally possible that our thoughts shape and constrain our language, not having a word for a particular experience doesnt necessarily mean that people dont have that experience and even people who dont acquire language are able to think, count, and interact with others.

Survey

________- collecting data by asking people directly about their experiences.

Questionnaire

________- a written instrument containing questions for people to answer.

Interview

________- a structured conversation in which one person poses questions to which another person responds.

Gossip

________- informal and frequently judgmental talk about people who are not present during the conversation.

Visualization

________- developing a particular mental image of winning or giving a successful performance.

Fluency

________- the smoothness of the speakers delivery.

Deception

________ the act of leading someone to believe something you know to be untrue.

Artifacts

________ are the objects and visual features within an environment that reflect who we are and what we like.

Accent

________ is the pattern of vowel and consonant sound pronunciations that is representative of a particular language or geographic area.

Hate speech

________ is a specific form of profanity meant to degrade, intimidate, or dehumanize people based on their sex, national origin, sexual orientation, religion, race, disability status, or political or moral views.

Equivocation

________ is language that disguises the speakers true intention through strategic ambiguity.

Slander

________ is a defamatory statement that is made aloud, within earshot of others.

Oculesics

________ is the study of eye behavior.

Defamation

________ is language that harms a persons reputation or gives that person a negative image.

Skepticism

________ is a method of questioning that involves evaluating evidence for a stated claim.

Social rituals

________ are recurring events that reinforce personal relationships among workplace members.

Fight

________- or- flight response- a reaction that helps prepare your body either to confront a stressor (through a(n) ________) or to avoid it (through flight)

Several forms of language enhance or diminish our credibility

i. Clichés are words or phrases that were novel at one time but have lost their effect owing to overuse

Gossip

informal and frequently judgmental talk about people who are not present during the conversation

Paralanguage vocalic behaviors that communicate meaning along with verbal behavior

Pitch, inflection, volume, rate, filler words, Pronunciation, Articulation, Accent, Silence

Culture

many cultural minorities have histories of social, economic, or political oppression

Political orientation

Being aware of listeners political orientation is particularly important if you are speaking on a politically contentious topic

Conference paper

outline of an oral presentation at a conference so attendees can review the major details of the presentation

Survey

collecting data by asking people directly about their experiences

Interview

A structured conversation in which one person poses questions to which another person responds

Thesis

the main message purpose statement-a declaration of your specific goal for your speech and expresses precisely what you want to accomplish during your presentation

To develop a strong purpose statement, follow these guidelines

Be specific, declarative, concise,

Thesis statement

a one-sentence version of the message in your speech

Main point

a statement expressing a specific idea or theme related to the speech topic

Topic pattern

to organize your main points to represent different categories

Time pattern

arranging points in chronological order

Space pattern

to organizes your main points according to areas

Cause-and-effect pattern

to organize your points so they describe the causes of an event or a phenomenon and then identify its consequences

Problem-solution pattern

to organize your points so they describe a problem and then offer one or more solutions for it

Transition

a statement that connects one point in a speech to the next

Preview transition

a statement alerting your listeners that you are about to shift to a new topic

Rule of subordination

some concepts in your speech are more important than others

Rule of division

if you divide a point into subpoints, you must create at least two subpoints

Rule of parallel structure

all points and subpoints in your outline should have the same grammatical structure

Working outline

structured set of all the points and subpoints in your speech

Most working outlines for a speech include the following elements

The title, purpose statement, thesis, introduction, main, conclusion

Speaking notes or speaking outline

abbreviated version of a formal speech outline

Remember that you will construct your outlines in conjunction with researching support for your points Plagiarism

using information from another source without giving proper credit to that source

Copyright infringement

which means using materials that are protected by copyright without gaining permission or giving proper recognition to their source

Verbal footnote

a statement giving credit for the words to their original source

Questionnaire

a written instrument containing questions for people to answer

Impromptu speech

a speech that is delivered on the spot, with little or no preparation

Extemporaneous speech

carefully prepared to sound as though it is being delivered spontaneously

Scripted speech

composed word for word on a manuscript and then read aloud exactly as it is written

Memorized speech

a speech that you compose word for word and then deliver from memory

A Public speaking anxiety (stage fright)

nervousness or fear brought on by performing in front of an audience

Stress

The bodys reaction to any type of perceived threat

Anxiety

a feeling of worry and unease

Anticipatory anxiety

worry one feels when looking ahead to a speech

Fight-or-flight response

a reaction that helps prepare your body either to confront a stressor (through a fight) or to avoid it (through flight)

Visualization

developing a particular mental image of winning or giving a successful performance

Desensitization

the process of confronting frightening situations head-on

Articulation

the extent to which the speaker pronounces words clearly

Fluency

the smoothness of the speakers delivery

Stuttering

a speech disorder that disrupts the flow of words with repeated or prolonged sounds and involuntary pauses

Presentation aids

anything used in conjunction with a speech or presentation to stimulate listeners senses

text slide

an electronic display of text used to accompany a speech

Chart

a graphic display of numeric information

pie chart

a graphic display of numbers in the form of a circle divided into segments

bar chart

depicts numbers as bars on a graph

b. Mnemonics are tricks that can aid our short

and long-term memory

In workplaces, three types of rituals are especially common

i