Question 4 - Industrial + commercial practice
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3 scales of production
* one-off - producing a single product
* batch - made in a specific quantity
* mass/continuous - made in large quantities usually 24/7, are in high demand
* batch - made in a specific quantity
* mass/continuous - made in large quantities usually 24/7, are in high demand
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advantages of one-off production
* unique product
* answers exact customer needs and wants
* answers exact customer needs and wants
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disadvantages of one-off production
* highly skilled workers required
* individually designed so more expensive
* company needs to be flexible to adapt to jobs
* individually designed so more expensive
* company needs to be flexible to adapt to jobs
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examples of one-off products
* clothing for certain celebs
* personalised/custom sneakers
* personalised/custom sneakers
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advantages of batch production
* end product will be cheaper to sell than process of production
* good for when an item goes out of fashion or sells poorly
* good for when an item goes out of fashion or sells poorly
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disadvantages of batch production
* expensive to set up production lines and equipment
* production line needs to be flexible
* initial set up can be expensive
* production line needs to be flexible
* initial set up can be expensive
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examples of batch products
* limited edition products
* electronic products
* electronic products
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advantages of mass/continuous production
* products usually are simplistic and don’t require too many components to assemble
* end product is usually cheap
* labour costs are cheap, not many skilled workers required
* end product is usually cheap
* labour costs are cheap, not many skilled workers required
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disadvantages of mass/continuous production
* initial set up is very expensive
* quality control issues need to be in place
* quality control issues need to be in place
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examples of mass/continuous production
* food products
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JIT manufacturing
* just in time, sometimes known as LEAN manufacturing
* aims to reduce flow times within production system and response times from suppliers and to customers
* focuses on efficient use of time and storing small amounts of stock/components
* no warehouse or storage
* aims to reduce flow times within production system and response times from suppliers and to customers
* focuses on efficient use of time and storing small amounts of stock/components
* no warehouse or storage
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advantages of JIT manufacturing
* reduces waste
* no warehouse thus lower costs
* reduces time
* no warehouse thus lower costs
* reduces time
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disadvantages of JIT manufacturing
* very sensitive to any type of error
* will not be able to adapt to sudden increase in demand
* will not be able to adapt to sudden increase in demand
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examples of JIT manufacturing
* car manufacturers
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modular/cell production
* horse-shoe shaped
* involves a team of workers to finish a product
* workers can move around, makes them more skilled, less monotonous
* different cells for different parts of product
* involves a team of workers to finish a product
* workers can move around, makes them more skilled, less monotonous
* different cells for different parts of product
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quality assurance
* ensuring issues don’t happen before production
* e.g. using trained staff, high quality tools
* e.g. using trained staff, high quality tools
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quality control
* ensuring issues don’t happen during production
* e.g. checking product over production
* e.g. checking product over production