Untitled Flashcards Set

James I of England

Ruled from 1603 to 1625 and believed that a king's power came directly from God.

Louis XVI

King of France during the French Revolution; he summoned the Estates-General in 1789.

Maximilien Robespierre

Led the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror.

Napoleon Bonaparte

A leading general who converted the revolutionary republic into an authoritarian empire and focused on foreign expansion.

Prince von Metternich

Of Austria, he was a principal member of the coalition against Napoleon.

Alexander I

Of Russia, he was a principal member of the coalition against Napoleon.

Duke of Wellington

Of Britain, he was a principal member of the coalition against Napoleon.

Muhammad Ahmad (Mahdi)

An Islamic messianic figure who led a revolt in Sudan against the Egyptians and British.

George III

British King during the American Revolution.

Thomas Paine

Influential writer during the Enlightenment and American Revolution.

Thomas Jefferson

One of the Founding Fathers of the United States and author of the Declaration of Independence.

George Washington

Leader of the Continental Army during the American Revolution and first President of the United States.

Toussaint L’Overture

Leader of the slave rebellion in Haiti.

Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican priest who initiated the independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810.

Simón Bolívar

A Creole military officer who led independence movements in northern South America.

José de San Martin

Leader of independence movements in southern South America.

Emperor Pedro I

Emperor of Brazil.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin and developer of the system of interchangeable parts.

Henry Ford

Used the assembly line in his factories, which greatly improved manufacturing.

Adam Smith

Developed the idea of the free-market system and wrote about capitalism.

Karl Marx

German socialist who developed the theory of socialism and class struggle.

Victor Emmanuel II

An Italian King.

Count Camillo Cavour

Supported industrialization and increased parliament’s powers in Piedmont.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian military and political figure.

William I

Prussian King.

Otto von Bismarck

Extended the vote to all adult males and led wars that unified Germany in 1871.

William II

German Emperor.

Lola Rodríguez de Tió

Puerto Rican poet and activist.

Alexander II

Russian Tsar who emancipated the serfs in 1861.

Rudyard Kipling

Author of 'White Man's Burden'.

Robert Clive

Architect of British victory at Plassey.

Bahadur Shah II

Last Mughal emperor.

Commodore Matthew Perry

American naval officer who opened Japan to trade in 1853.

Muhammad Ali

Albanian Ottoman officer who became the ruler of Egypt and implemented European military reforms.

Abbas I

Ruler of Egypt.

Lord Charles Cornwallis

British official who reformed the East India Company.

Ram Mohun Roy

Western-educated Indian leader who cooperated with the British to outlaw sati.

Benjamin Disraeli

British conservative who granted the vote to working-class males in 1867.

Louis Pasteur

Discovered germs and the purifying process named after him.

Charles Darwin

Biologist who developed the theory of evolution.

Albert Einstein

Formulated theories about planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles.

Queen Victoria

Queen of England.

Andrés Santa Cruz

Mestizo general who established a union between independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839.

Juan Manuel de Rosas

Federalist leader in Buenos Aires.

General Antonio López de Santa Anna

Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican republic in 1835.

Benito Juárez

Indian lawyer and politician who led a liberal revolution against Santa Anna.

Maximilian von Habsburg

Austrian archduke proclaimed emperor of Mexico as a result of French intervention in 1862.

Porfirio Díaz

Military general who served as authoritarian president of Mexico most years between 1876 and 1911.

Domingo F. Sarmiento

Liberal politician and president of the Argentine Republic.

João VI

Portuguese monarch who fled the French to establish his court in Brazil from 1808 to 1820.

Pedro I

Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor.

Selim III

Ottoman sultan (1789–1807); attempted to improve administrative efficiency and build a new army and navy.

Mahmud II

19th Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; crushed the Janissaries and initiated reforms based on Western precedents.

Abdul Hamid

Ottoman sultan (1878–1908) who tried to return to despotic absolutism.

Murad

Head of coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt.

Jamal-Afghani

Muslim thinker in Egypt who stressed the need for the adoption of Western scientific learning and technology.

Muhammad Abduh

Muslim thinker in Egypt during the latter part of the 19th century.

Ahmad Arabi

Led a revolt in 1882 against the Egyptian government.

Muhammad Ahmad (Mahdi)

Head of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood.

Khalifa Abdallahi

Successor of the Mahdi.

Kangxi

Qing ruler and Confucian scholar (1661–1722).

Lin Zexu

Chinese official charged with ending the opium trade in southern China.

Hong Xiuquan

Led the Taiping Rebellion.

Zeng Guofan

Scholar-gentry official who advocated the introduction of Western technologies and military reforms.

Cixi

Conservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty.

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese revolutionary leader.

Puyi

Last Qing ruler.

Holy Alliance

Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of the established order.

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov

Russian Marxist leader, better known as Lenin.

Matthew Perry

American naval officer.

Sergei Witte

Russian minister of finance (1892–1903).

Iwasaki Yataro

Created the Mitsubishi company.

Fukuzawa Yukichi

Toned down rhetoric and supported social order.