Untitled Flashcards Set

James I of England-Ruled from 1603 to 1625 and believed that a king's power came directly from God.

Louis XVI- King of France during the French Revolution; he summoned the Estates-General in 1789.

Maximilien Robespierre-Led the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror.

Napoleon Bonaparte-A leading general who converted the revolutionary republic into an authoritarian empire and focused on foreign expansion.

Prince von Metternich-Of Austria, he was a principal member of the coalition against Napoleon.

Alexander I-Of Russia, he was a principal member of the coalition against Napoleon.

Duke of Wellington-Of Britain, he was a principal member of the coalition against Napoleon.

Muhammad Ahmad (Mahdi)-An Islamic messianic figure who led a revolt in Sudan against the Egyptians and British.

George III-British King during the American Revolution.

Thomas Paine-Influential writer during the Enlightenment and American Revolution.

Thomas Jefferson-One of the Founding Fathers of the United States and author of the Declaration of Independence.

George Washington-Leader of the Continental Army during the American Revolution and first President of the United States.

Toussaint L’Overture-Leader of the slave rebellion in Haiti.

Miguel Hidalgo-Mexican priest who initiated the independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810.

Simón Bolívar-A Creole military officer who led independence movements in northern South America.

José de San Martin-Leader of independence movements in southern South America.

Emperor Pedro I-Emperor of Brazil.

Eli Whitney-Inventor of the cotton gin and developer of the system of interchangeable parts.

Henry Ford-Used the assembly line in his factories, which greatly improved manufacturing.

Adam Smith-Developed the idea of the free-market system and wrote about capitalism.

Karl Marx-German socialist who developed the theory of socialism and class struggle.

Victor Emmanuel II-An Italian King.

Count Camillo Cavour-Supported industrialization and increased parliament’s powers in Piedmont.

Giuseppe Garibaldi-Italian military and political figure.

William I- Prussian King.

Otto von Bismarck-Extended the vote to all adult males and led wars that unified Germany in 1871.

William II-German Emperor.

Lola Rodríguez de Tió-Puerto Rican poet and activist.

Alexander II-Russian Tsar who emancipated the serfs in 1861.

Rudyard Kipling-Author of "White Man's Burden".

Robert Clive-Architect of British victory at Plassey.

Bahadur Shah II-Last Mughal emperor.

Commodore Matthew Perry-American naval officer who opened Japan to trade in 1853.

Muhammad Ali-Albanian Ottoman officer who became the ruler of Egypt and implemented European military reforms.

Abbas I-Ruler of Egypt.

Lord Charles Cornwallis-British official who reformed the East India Company.

Ram Mohun Roy-Western-educated Indian leader who cooperated with the British to outlaw sati.

Benjamin Disraeli-British conservative who granted the vote to working-class males in 1867.

Louis Pasteur-Discovered germs and the purifying process named after him.

Charles Darwin-Biologist who developed the theory of evolution.

Albert Einstein-Formulated theories about planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles.

Queen Victoria-Queen of England.

Andrés Santa Cruz-Mestizo general who established a union between independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839.

Juan Manuel de Rosas-Federalist leader in Buenos Aires.

General Antonio López de Santa Anna-Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican republic in 1835.

Benito Juárez-Indian lawyer and politician who led a liberal revolution against Santa Anna.

Maximilian von Habsburg-Austrian archduke proclaimed emperor of Mexico as a result of French intervention in 1862.

Porfirio Díaz-Military general who served as authoritarian president of Mexico most years between 1876 and 1911.

Domingo F. Sarmiento-Liberal politician and president of the Argentine Republic.

João VI-Portuguese monarch who fled the French to establish his court in Brazil from 1808 to 1820.

Pedro I-Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor.

Selim III-Ottoman sultan (1789–1807); attempted to improve administrative efficiency and build a new army and navy.

Mahmud II-19th Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; crushed the Janissaries and initiated reforms based on Western precedents.

Abdul Hamid-Ottoman sultan (1878–1908) who tried to return to despotic absolutism.

Murad-Head of coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt.

Jamal-Afghani-Muslim thinker in Egypt who stressed the need for the adoption of Western scientific learning and technology.

Muhammad Abduh-Muslim thinker in Egypt during the latter part of the 19th century.

Ahmad Arabi-Led a revolt in 1882 against the Egyptian government.

Muhammad Ahmad (Mahdi)-Head of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood.

Khalifa Abdallahi-Successor of the Mahdi.

Kangxi-Qing ruler and Confucian scholar (1661–1722).

Lin Zexu-Chinese official charged with ending the opium trade in southern China.

Hong Xiuquan-Led the Taiping Rebellion.

Zeng Guofan-Scholar-gentry official who advocated the introduction of Western technologies and military reforms.

Cixi-Conservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty.

Sun Yat-sen-Chinese revolutionary leader.

Puyi-Last Qing ruler.

Holy Alliance-Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of the established order.

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov-Russian Marxist leader, better known as Lenin.

Matthew Perry-American naval officer.

Sergei Witte-Russian minister of finance (1892–1903).

Iwasaki Yataro-Created the Mitsubishi company.

Fukuzawa Yukichi-Toned down rhetoric and supported social order.