Ch: Mechanical properties of solids

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NCERT Physics Grade 11

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17 Terms

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Deforming force

it is the force which can change the shape and size of an object.

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Restoring force

the force developed inside the body against deforming force.

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Elasticity

the property of a body to return to its original shape and size after the removal of a deforming force.

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Plasticity

when a body doesn’t regain its original shape and size even after the removal of the deforming force.

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Stress

internal restoring force set up per unit area of cross-section of deforming body. stress = F/A where F is force applied and A is area of cross-section.

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Types of stress

  • tensile stress: change in length in direction of deforming force

  • volume stress: uniform force from all sides; change in volume.

  • tangential stress: force acts tangentially to the surface of the body; change in shape

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Strain

ratio of change in dimension produced in the body to original dimension. strain = change in dimension/ original dimension .

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Types of strain

  • longitudinal strain: Δl/l

  • volume strain: ΔV/V

  • shear strain: Δx/l

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Elastic limit

max stress within which the body regains its original shape after removing deforming force.

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Hooke’s Law

for small deformations stress is directly proportional to strain. stress ∝ strain
stress = k strain where k is modulus of elasticity k = stress/strain.

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3 modulus’ (Hooke’s law)

  • Young’s modulus (Y): Fl/AΔl

  • Bulk modulus (B): FV/AΔV

  • Sheer modulus (G): Fl/AΔx

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ductile vs. brittle material

ductile materials are materials with large plastic range while brittle materials have small plastic range.

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Elastomers

materials which can be elastically stretched to large values of strain with little stress.

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Elastic after effect

delay in regaining original state of a body on removal of deforming force.

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Elastic fatigue

loss in the strength in the material caused due to repeated alternating strains to which the material is subjected.

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Elastic energy

work done against the interatomic forces when a wire is put under longitudinal stress is known as elastic energy.

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Poisson’s ratio

Ratio of lateral to longitudinal strain.

σ = Δdl/dΔl