Bio 2210 Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

Flashcards for Anatomy & Physiology Final Exam Study Guide

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment.

Cavity Spaces

Cavities within the body that house internal organs.

Ionization

Results in ions and provides benefits to the body.

Buffer

Assists the body's internal environment by resisting changes in pH.

Biological Molecules of Life

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Enzyme

A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body.

Membrane Protein

Proteins that perform various roles, such as transport, signaling, and cell recognition.

Extracellular and Intracellular Space

Fluid outside of cells and the fluid inside of cells.

Red Blood Cells

Responsible for oxygen transport.

Mitosis

Cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.

Organizational Layers of Tissue

Outer periphery to the inner luminal space, with different tissue types in each.

Exocrine and Endocrine Glands

Glands that secrete substances into ducts versus glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

Bone and Cartilage

Connective tissue that provides support and structure to the body.

Regeneration and Repair

Replacing damaged tissue through cell division versus forming scar tissue.

Functions of the Integumentary System

Protection, regulation of body temperature, and sensation.

Layers of a Skin Model

Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

Cleavage Lines

Patterns in the skin that guide surgical incisions.

Types of Degree Burns

Varying degrees of tissue damage from burns (first, second, third degree).

Bone Cells

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, etc.

Role in Calcium Homeostasis

Vitamin D3

Osteoporosis

A condition characterized by decreased bone density and increased risk of fracture.

Bone Markings

Landmarks on bones with specific functions.

Brain Lobes & Cranial Bones

Frontal lobe associated with the frontal bone.

Sinuses

Air-filled spaces in the skull that lighten the skull and provide resonance for speech.

Components to assist function

Structure of a Vertebra

Carpals/Tarsals

Bones of the Wrist and Foot.

Synarthrosis/Suture etc.

Classification of joints by structure and function.

Shoulder, Hip etc.

Joints with Greatest Mobility

Movement, posture, etc.

Functions of Skeletal Muscle

Assist Muscle Contraction

T-Tubules Function

Action Potential to Muscle

Role of muscle contraction in action transport

Rectus Abdominis, Obliques, etc.

Abdominal Muscles

Sensory input, integration, motor output

Functions of the Nervous System

Central/Peripheral, Somatic/Autonomic

Parts of the Nervous System

Dendrites, Axon, Cell Body

Parts of a Neuron

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, etc.

Types and Functions of Neuroglia Cells

Protection of Brain Environment

Blood-Brain Barrier & Blood-CSF Barrier

Depolarization, Repolarization, etc.

Steps of Action Potential Creation

Bind Acetylcholine

Cholinergic Receptors

Inflammation of the meninges

Characteristics of Spinal Meningitis

Damage at C3-C5

Spinal Segments Dysfunction

Medulla, Pons, Midbrain

Parts of the Brain Stem

Motor Control

Substantia Nigra Function

Cerebral Cortex

Postcentral and Precentral Gyrus

Temporal Lobe, Broca's Area, Wernicke's Area

Hearing, Speaking, Comprehension Brain Area

Olfactory, Optic, etc.

Cranial Nerves

Sensory Receptors

Chemoreceptors, Nociceptors, Baroreceptors, Proprioceptors

Reticular Formation

Brain Areas Functioning Conscious State

Insulin and Glucagon Imbalance

Diabetes

Melanin, Hemoglobin, Carotene

Skin Color Correlation and Reason

Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts Matrix Formation

Bone Cell Progression Function

Bone Growth

Epiphyseal Line and Plate Distinctions

Requirements High Amount of Work

Muscle Accomplishment

Metabolic Rate

Thyroid Gland Actions

Physiological Classes

Slow and Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibers

Quadriceps Femoris

Thigh Muscle's Anterior

Fight or Flight, Rest and Digest

Signals between Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Tone