Anti's and their Biotas

Microbiology

False

Antibiotic works for Bacterial fungal and viral infections (True or False)

Bacteriostatic

Type of drug that inhibits the growth of the bacteria by suppressing the multiplication and production if bacteria.

Bactericidal

Type of drug that eliminates / kills the bacteria

NAM

Structure in the peptidoglycan that serves as the terminal of tetrapeptides

Cross linking

Process to make the peptidoglycan structure stable

transpeptidase

Enzyme that connects two tetrapeptides together to make two peptidoglycan structures stable

Transglycosylase

Enzyme that connects polysaccharides together to make two peptidoglycan structures stable.

L - Alanine

the first amino acid that is attached at the terminal of NAM

Beta-lactams

Penicillin, cepahlosporins, penems, cephems, carbapenems, Monobactams are under what category of Antibiotic,

Cell wall synthesis

What part of the bacteria does beta-lactams inhibits.

penicillin binding proteins

Described as bifunctional transpeptidase

penicillin binding proteins

Enzyme that mediate peptidoglycan cross linking

Transpeptidase

Beta lactams prevent cell wall synthesis by binding to what specific enzyme.

Beta-lactamase

Bacteria defense mechanism against penicillin

Glycopeptides

Antibiotic that prevents cell wall synthesis by binding to the substrate of PBP, the D-ala part of the tetra peptides of NAM

Glycopeptides

vancomycin, Dalbavancin, teicoplanin, Oritavancin, Telavancin are part of family of drugs called.

D - Alanine

Penicillin binding protein of N. gonorrhea

False

Vancomycin is effective against gram negative bacteria, true or false.

Cell wall synthesis

Beta lactams and glycopeptides Inhibtis what part of the bacteria.

Inhibition of Cell membrane function

Lipopeptides, Polymixins

Gram negative

Polymixins work best on what type of bacteria.

Lipopeptides

Under what family of drug is Daptomycin

Polymixins

Polymixin B and E are what part of family of drugs.

Aminoglycosides

Type of drug that inhibits the docking of Aminoacyl Trna synthetase.

Gram positive

Daptomycin under lipopeptides is effective on what type of bacteria

Polymixins

Type of drug that disrupts the cell membrane / targets the phospholipids in the cell membrane of the bacteria.

Lipopeptides

Binds and disrupts cell membrane of gram positive bacteria

Aminoglycosides

Inhibits the Docking of Aminoacyl Trna synthetase causing mistranslation of proteins

Aminoglycosides

Gentamycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, neomycin, streptomycin, and Kanamycin are under what family of drugs.

Aminopeptidase

Enzyme responsible for the elongation of proteins in the ribosome.

30s inhibition

Aminoglycosides, tetracycline, and Glycyl cycline inhibits what function of the bacteria.

Aminoacyl Trna synthetase

Enzyme in the 30s responsible for attaching the right amino acid to the TRNA.

Tetracyclines

Antibiotic that inhibits transfer of amino acids from A to P site

Tetracycline

Doxycline, and minocyclineare under what family of drugs

Glcylcyclines

Antibiotic used in exchange for tetracycline, used for tetracycline resistant bacteria

Glycylcyclines

Tigecycline are under what family of Antibiotics

50s inhibition

What is the function of the antibiotics, MLS, Oxazolidone, Chlorampenicol

MLS

Family of antibiotic where it inhibits 50s inhibition by inhibiting elongation by blocking the exit tunnel

MLS

Erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin are under what family of antibiotics

Oxazolidone

Linezolid and tedizolid are under what family of antibiotics.

Oxazolidone

Antibiotic that blocks initiation steps needed for translation process in the protein synthesis of the bacteria.

Chloramphenicol

prevents aminopeptidase inhibiting elongation of the amino acids.

DNA/RNA synthesis

Fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, Rifampin inhibits what system of the bacteria.

Fluoroquinolones

Ciproflaxin, Nalidixic acid, Levofloxacin, Gemifloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Norfloxacin are under what family of antibiotics.

Topoisomerase / DNA gyrase

Fluoroquinolones attacks what enzyme for prevention of DNA synthesis

Metronidazole

Antibiotic that breaks the DNA strands

anaerobic

What is the air requirement for metronidazole

Rifampin

this antibiotic inhibits RNA polymerase that interferes with RNA synthesis

Folic acid synthesis

Sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and Nitrofuratonin inhibits what system in the bacteria

Sulfonamides

Inhibits Dihydropteroate reductase

Trimethoprim

Inhibits Dihydrofolate reductase

Nitrofuratonin

An antibiotic that inhibits folic acid synthetase and is also used for the treatment of UTI

pH of 7.2 - 7.4

What is the normal pH range for the growth of bacteria

aerobic atmosphere

Environment needed for Aminoglycosides

false resistance against tetracycline

Less than 7.2 pH can cause what effect in bacterial resistance.

False resistance against EAC

More than 7.4 pH can cause what effect in bacterial resistance.

12.5 mg/L

Required cation concentration of Magnesium

95 mg/L

Required cation concentration of calcium

False resistance of Pseudomonas vs Aminoglycosides

Increase in cation concentration results in what phenomenon in bacterial resistance

False resistance of all organisms vs tetracycline

Lower concentration of cations results in what phenomenon in bacterial resistance

Low to none

Thymidines required concentration for bacterial growth

Increase resistance of enterococcus to Sulfonamides and trimethroprim.

Increase of concentration of thymidine can result in what phenomenon in bacterial resistance.

Intrinsic resistance

Bacterial resistance that the bacteria has since it’s birth.

Acquired resistance

bacterial resistance that the bacteria gains through genetic recombination and exchanges of plasmids.

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing

Test done to a bacteria that involves a set of antibiotics.

Conventional susceptibility test

Broth dilution, agar dilution, and disc dilution are what type of susceptibility testing

Commercial susceptibility test

Agar dilution, Diffusion in agar derivations, Automated test system are under what types of susceptibility testing

Antimicrobial resistance detection

Agar or disc screen, and D test are what type of susceptibility testing.

Broth dilution

5 × 10^5 is the standardized inoculum for what type of dilution.

Agar dilution

1 × 10^4 is the standardized inoculum for what type of dilution.

Disc diffusion

1.5 × 10^8 is the standardized inoculum for what type of dilution.

Cartilage damage

Why is Fluoroquinolones bad for children

Damage to developing teeth

Why is tetracycline bad for children

Suppresses bone marrow causing anemia

Why does chloramphenicol needed to be regulated.

16 - 20 hours

Duration of test for Enterobacteriaceae in Broth dilution.

24 hours

Duration of test for N. meningitis for broth dilution test.

Resistant

In breakpoint cut off what is the result when both tubes are turbid

Intermediate susceptibility

In breakpoint cutoff what is the result when the tube with the lowest concentration is turbid but the highest concentration is clear.

Susceptible

In breakpoint cutoff what is the result when both tubes are not turbid.

False resistance

Too thick of a agar plate (>5mm) can cause what in bacterial resistance.

False susceptibility

Too thick of a agar plate (<3mm) can cause what in bacterial resistance.

15 - 20 ml

Volume of agar media required for standardization

25 mg/L

Calcium requirement for standardization of agar

12.5 g/ml magnesium

Magnesium requirement for standardization of magnesium

Oxacillin agar screen

Detects resistance of penicillin against staphylococcus

Vancomycin vs enterococcus

Vancomycin agar screen is for what test.

Gentamycin vs enterococcus

Aminoglycoside screens is the test for what.

Penicillin vs strep

Oxacillin disk screen is a test for what

Erythromycin and clindamycin

D test (macrolide resistance) is a test to differentiate resistance of what antibiotics.

D zone

what is the positive test for the D test

ERM gene

What gene is present in the bacteria when is is positive for the D test

Penicillin

Oxacilin, methicilin, Nafcicillin and Dichoxacillin is under what family of antibiotics.

Mec A gene

What gene is in MRSA that makes them resistant to methicillin.

Chromogenic cephalosporin Nitrocefin test

What test is needed to test for beta lactamase presence in bacteria.

Acidimetric method and Iodometric method

test for the presence of penicillinase presence in bacteria

Penicilloic acid

acidic component of penicillin

Iodometric test

test for beta lactamase which gives a purple color for negative indication.

Time kill studies

Time between the loss of 1000 bacteria to the baseline in 24 hours

Serum bactericidal test

Test that measure the capacity of the antimicrobial agents alongside the other serum factors

5 x 5^2 CFU/mL

CFU of serumstatic titre