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louis napoleon III
strong, authoritarian leader of france that promoted industrialization; later faced backlash from nationalists and further liberalized the country
giuseppe mazzini
called for centralized democratic republic in italy
camillo benso di cavour
very involved in the unity of mainly north and central italy; consolidated constitutional, liberal state; established secret alliance with napoleon III against austria to drive them out of northern italy
franco-sardinian victory (1859)
drives austria out of italy; but napoleon III withdraws forces in fear of criticism; cavour resigns but returns with napoleon III’s support and achieved northern italian state with central unification
giuseppe garibaldi
super patriot; wanted to liberate the kingdoms of two sicilies and gains cavour’s support; agreed to avoid rome to avoid war with france and allowed north and south to unify
red shirts
guerilla band rebellion against landlords led by garibaldi
kingdom of italy
unity of north and south italy with parliamentary monarchy under victor emmanuel II
zollverein
german customs union that simulated trade and revenues; austria was not included but prussia was a leading role; allowed for prussian advantage
william I (prussia)
pushed to raise taxes and increase defense, but parliament rejected; appoints bismarck as prime minister, encouraging him to defy parliament
otto von bismarck
acted without parliament’s consent, cracked down on liberals, recognized the army; allies with austria, but then turns on them after victory of denmark
austro-prussian war (1866)
prussia emerges victorious and austria withdraws entirely from german affairs; prussia dominates the north german confederation
franco-prussian war
french leaders afraid of prussian growth and attacks; german forces under prussia defeat the french army, giving william I complete power over the german empire which prospered with patriotic feeling
crimean war
breakdown of balance of power; great power competition over the middle east; russia is defeated and forced to industrialize
alexander II (russia)
rapid social change and modernization; abolish serfdom, new local government, improvements in industry; russia begins seizing territory, sparking nationalism; is assassinated as reforms did not please all
sergei witte
finance minister of russia that pushed industrialization’ encouraged westerners to build factories in russia and believed foregin business was key to supplying cheap products
nicholas II (russia)
ignored japan’s diplomatic protests leading to war, japan emerging victorious; caused political upheaval and minorities wanted independence
bloody sunday
massacre of workers and families who converged to peacefully petition to the tsar; troops opened fire, killing hundreds which produced wave of anger against tsar
october manifesto
issued by tsar in 1905 that granted full civil rights; repressed uprising with constitutional monarchy
duma
parliament-like body in russia that passed laws; was dismissed due to discontent of liberals; were mostly conservative, propertied classes loyal to the tsar
reichstag
germany’s popular elected lower house; parliament-like body
kulturkampf
bismarck’s attack on the catholic church; national liberals wanted to make church subject to government; bismarck wins over catholic center and protestant junkers
german social democratic party
germany’s marxist working class; bismarck bans their meetings and associations but over time, laws and rights are earned and william II forces bismarck to resign, allowing social/politcal reform for socialists
second reform bill (1867)
conservatives extend vote to all middle class men in britain
third reform bill (1884)
almost every adult male is made allowed to vote in britain
dreyfus affair
a false conviction of dreyfus in france that sparks the split of france;republican animosity towards catholic church; growing socialist movement in opposition to republican nationalism
people's budget
designed to increase spending on social welfare in britain; tax on wealthy; allowed government to pay for insurance, benefits, etc
francis joseph
ruled hungary as conquered territory and tried to centralize the state; nationalism divides the empire and weakens the state as a whole
nationalism
began to take on a more populist and exclusionary tone with the separation of race and superiority complexes supported by science
anti-semitism
reappeared with the market crash of 1873; jews posed as a threat to christianity; zionist police create false accounts of jewish elders wanting to dominate the globe
karl lueger
his christian socialist party won electoral victories and channeled their discontent with the government onto the jews; wave of violent programs against jews
zionism
jewish political movement whose people believed that the only solution to anti-semitism was an escape to a jewish state
theodor herzl
advocated for jewish state in palestine, a homeland where jews could live free; zionism struck jews in russia who embraced self-emancipation
marxism
promoted international proletarian solidarity and allowed for international organization to embrace working-class violence and radical patriotism
revisionism
effort of various socialists to update marx’s doctrines to reflect the realities of the time; gradualist approach, moderation spreads, develop of national characteristics
opium wars
britain’s sale of opium to the chinese sparked conflict; forced china to give in to britain’s demands being: taking of hong kong and unlimited trade with four large cities
new imperialism
renewed push for imperialism after a pause in expansion; rush to conquer as much territory as possible in a competition that reflected imbalance of power
cecil rhodes
led british in establishing protectorates in cape colony; afrikaners ultimately take political power
henry m. stanley
sent by king leopold of belgium to congo basin to establish unfair treaties with african chiefs and ultimately taking congo
berlin conference (1884-1885)
established by bismarck; divided africa so no single country could claim the entire continent; germany emerged as an imperial power and british expanded vastly towards west
fashoda crisis
british and french rivalry over the upper reaches of the nile; village is fought for by two great powers
maxim machine gun
newly invented machine gun that muslims could not defeat
quinine
treated malaria and allowed soldiers to go further into africa to imperialize
“civilizing mission”
western thought that they could civilize more primitive peoples and remake them
white man’s burden
american belief that they could bestow benefits onto natives; “protected” natives from tribal warfare
j.a. hobson
criticized expansion and imperialism; claimed it did not improve economics but turned attention away from domestic issues; only benefitted special-interest groups
lenin’s critique of imperialism
argues that imperialism has led to an increase in the cost of living for working peoples; uneven economic development in the states; deteriorates social capitalism
sepoy rebellion (the great rebellion)
insurrection by muslim and hindu mercenaries stemming from discontent with britain’s attack on their culture and religion; caused by seizure of oudh, cow grease for guns, and lack of indian participation in government
boxer rebellion
chinese rebellion that blamed china’s ills on foreigners; dynasty is overthrown and western republic is adopted
meiji restoration
japanese were displeased with government’s compliance with the west and overthrew the government; samurai restoration of the emperor; japan begins to modernize and follow europe’s steps to meet european expansion
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