ap euro || unit 7: key terms

study for your unit 7 leq!

louis napoleon III

strong, authoritarian leader of france that promoted industrialization; later faced backlash from nationalists and further liberalized the country

giuseppe mazzini

called for centralized democratic republic in italy

camillo benso di cavour

very involved in the unity of mainly north and central italy; consolidated constitutional, liberal state; established secret alliance with napoleon III against austria to drive them out of northern italy

franco-sardinian victory (1859)

drives austria out of italy; but napoleon III withdraws forces in fear of criticism; cavour resigns but returns with napoleon III’s support and achieved northern italian state with central unification

giuseppe garibaldi

super patriot; wanted to liberate the kingdoms of two sicilies and gains cavour’s support; agreed to avoid rome to avoid war with france and allowed north and south to unify

red shirts

guerilla band rebellion against landlords led by garibaldi

kingdom of italy

unity of north and south italy with parliamentary monarchy under victor emmanuel II

zollverein

german customs union that simulated trade and revenues; austria was not included but prussia was a leading role; allowed for prussian advantage

william I (prussia)

pushed to raise taxes and increase defense, but parliament rejected; appoints bismarck as prime minister, encouraging him to defy parliament

otto von bismarck

acted without parliament’s consent, cracked down on liberals, recognized the army; allies with austria, but then turns on them after victory of denmark

austro-prussian war (1866)

prussia emerges victorious and austria withdraws entirely from german affairs; prussia dominates the north german confederation

franco-prussian war

french leaders afraid of prussian growth and attacks; german forces under prussia defeat the french army, giving william I complete power over the german empire which prospered with patriotic feeling

crimean war

breakdown of balance of power; great power competition over the middle east; russia is defeated and forced to industrialize

alexander II (russia)

rapid social change and modernization; abolish serfdom, new local government, improvements in industry; russia begins seizing territory, sparking nationalism; is assassinated as reforms did not please all

sergei witte

finance minister of russia that pushed industrialization’ encouraged westerners to build factories in russia and believed foregin business was key to supplying cheap products

nicholas II (russia)

ignored japan’s diplomatic protests leading to war, japan emerging victorious; caused political upheaval and minorities wanted independence

bloody sunday

massacre of workers and families who converged to peacefully petition to the tsar; troops opened fire, killing hundreds which produced wave of anger against tsar

october manifesto

issued by tsar in 1905 that granted full civil rights; repressed uprising with constitutional monarchy

duma

parliament-like body in russia that passed laws; was dismissed due to discontent of liberals; were mostly conservative, propertied classes loyal to the tsar

reichstag

germany’s popular elected lower house; parliament-like body

kulturkampf

bismarck’s attack on the catholic church; national liberals wanted to make church subject to government; bismarck wins over catholic center and protestant junkers

german social democratic party

germany’s marxist working class; bismarck bans their meetings and associations but over time, laws and rights are earned and william II forces bismarck to resign, allowing social/politcal reform for socialists

second reform bill (1867)

conservatives extend vote to all middle class men in britain

third reform bill (1884)

almost every adult male is made allowed to vote in britain

dreyfus affair

a false conviction of dreyfus in france that sparks the split of france;republican animosity towards catholic church; growing socialist movement in opposition to republican nationalism

people's budget

designed to increase spending on social welfare in britain; tax on wealthy; allowed government to pay for insurance, benefits, etc

francis joseph

ruled hungary as conquered territory and tried to centralize the state; nationalism divides the empire and weakens the state as a whole

nationalism

began to take on a more populist and exclusionary tone with the separation of race and superiority complexes supported by science

anti-semitism

reappeared with the market crash of 1873; jews posed as a threat to christianity; zionist police create false accounts of jewish elders wanting to dominate the globe

karl lueger

his christian socialist party won electoral victories and channeled their discontent with the government onto the jews; wave of violent programs against jews

zionism

jewish political movement whose people believed that the only solution to anti-semitism was an escape to a jewish state

theodor herzl

advocated for jewish state in palestine, a homeland where jews could live free; zionism struck jews in russia who embraced self-emancipation

marxism

promoted international proletarian solidarity and allowed for international organization to embrace working-class violence and radical patriotism

revisionism

effort of various socialists to update marx’s doctrines to reflect the realities of the time; gradualist approach, moderation spreads, develop of national characteristics

opium wars

britain’s sale of opium to the chinese sparked conflict; forced china to give in to britain’s demands being: taking of hong kong and unlimited trade with four large cities

new imperialism

renewed push for imperialism after a pause in expansion; rush to conquer as much territory as possible in a competition that reflected imbalance of power

cecil rhodes

led british in establishing protectorates in cape colony; afrikaners ultimately take political power

henry m. stanley

sent by king leopold of belgium to congo basin to establish unfair treaties with african chiefs and ultimately taking congo

berlin conference (1884-1885)

established by bismarck; divided africa so no single country could claim the entire continent; germany emerged as an imperial power and british expanded vastly towards west

fashoda crisis

british and french rivalry over the upper reaches of the nile; village is fought for by two great powers

maxim machine gun

newly invented machine gun that muslims could not defeat

quinine

treated malaria and allowed soldiers to go further into africa to imperialize

“civilizing mission”

western thought that they could civilize more primitive peoples and remake them

white man’s burden

american belief that they could bestow benefits onto natives; “protected” natives from tribal warfare

j.a. hobson

criticized expansion and imperialism; claimed it did not improve economics but turned attention away from domestic issues; only benefitted special-interest groups

lenin’s critique of imperialism

argues that imperialism has led to an increase in the cost of living for working peoples; uneven economic development in the states; deteriorates social capitalism

sepoy rebellion (the great rebellion)

insurrection by muslim and hindu mercenaries stemming from discontent with britain’s attack on their culture and religion; caused by seizure of oudh, cow grease for guns, and lack of indian participation in government

boxer rebellion

chinese rebellion that blamed china’s ills on foreigners; dynasty is overthrown and western republic is adopted

meiji restoration

japanese were displeased with government’s compliance with the west and overthrew the government; samurai restoration of the emperor; japan begins to modernize and follow europe’s steps to meet european expansion