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encoding
the process of getting information into the memory system- example: by giving something meaning
storage
the process of retaining information out of memory storage
retrieval
the process of getting info out of memory storage
parallel processing
processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions.
sensory memory
the immediate very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the info is stored or forgotten
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
working memory
is the small amount of information that can be held in mind and used in the execution of cognitive tasks (STM)
explicit memory
retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and delcare.
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental info such as space time and frequency and of well-learned info, such as word meanings.
implicit memory
the information that we do not store purposely and is unintentionally memorized;
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs naturally
mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words.
deep processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words, tends to yield the best retention
memory consolidation
the neural storage of a long-term memory
semantic memory
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems
episodic memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems
hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories-of facts and events- for storage
flashbulb memory
a clear sustained memory, of an emotionally significant moment or event
long term potentiation (LTP)
an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory
priming
The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
encoding specificity principle
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect ) and first (primary effect) items in a list.
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories after like a trauma
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one’s past
proactive interference
the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information. PORN Proactive blocks Old information
retroactive information
the backwards acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information. PORN Retroactive blocks new information
repession
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
reconsolidation
a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
misinformation effect
occurs when misleading information has distorted one’s memory of an event
source amnesia
faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined is at the heart of many false memories.
deja vu
that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger the retrieval of an earlier experience.
Resting potential
otassium (K) on inside, sodium (Na) on outside
The charge on inside is negative; positive on outside
Action potential
sin and pout
Salt goes in, potassium goes out
Excitatory
Causes the neuron on the other side of synapse to generate an action potential
(Allows impulse to cross synapse)
“Gas pedal”