APHG MASTER SET

map projection

A method of representing the three-dimensional Earth on a two-dimensional plane.

human geography

The study of characteristics of humans and their activities.

physical geography

The study of the environment and the weather.

GIS

a computer system that stores, analyzes, and displays information from multiple digital maps or datasets.

remote sensing

The process of detecting and monitoring the characteristics of an area.

time-space convergence.

The concept that as transportation and communication technologies improve, the distance between places seems to decrease.

toponym

The name of a location that refers to its physical characteristics.

What does friction of distance

The idea that distance affects the interactions and connections between places.

human-environment interaction.

The study of how societies use land and the impact of that use on the environment.

environmental determinism

The theory that the physical environment shapes human behavior.

possibilism

The theory that while the environment sets limits, human culture and creativity can overcome those limits.

cultural ecology.

The study of how culture interacts with and adapts to the natural environment.

political ecology?

The study of how economic structures and power dynamics drive environmental change.

regionalization?

The process of dividing regions into smaller parts or splitting larger areas into regions or districts.

formal regions?

Areas where people share similar economic, social, political, and environmental traits.

functional regions.

Regions defined by a specific purpose, such as a telephone market.

vernacular regions

Informal regions based on personal feelings about a place.

regional boundaries.

They are transitional, contested, and overlapping, changing over time and often debated.

How do geographers utilize regional analysis?

They examine local, national, and global scales by analyzing area characteristics, language, and cultural traditions.

arithmetic density

The total population divided by the total land area.

What is physiological density?

The total population divided by the amount of arable land.

Define agricultural density.

The number of farmers divided by the amount of farmland.

What physical factors affect population density?

Climate, landforms, water, and natural resources.

What human factors influence population density?

Availability of jobs, safety, and access to schools and hospitals.

At the local scale, what influences population density?

Jobs, schools, and safety.

At the regional scale, what factors affect population density?

Weather, natural resources, and transportation.

What influences population density at the national scale?

Strength of the economy, government policies, and historical events.

At the global scale, what factors matter for population density?

Climate, technology, and international connections.

How do you calculate arithmetic density?

By dividing the total population by the total land area.

What does physiological density reveal?

The pressure placed on arable land by the population.

agricultural density

It shows how many people are farming on a unit of arable land.

What are economic impacts of population density?

More jobs and business opportunities, but also increased living costs.

What are social impacts of high population density?

Increased cultural diversity, but potential stress and housing shortages.

Politically, what are the implications of high population density?

More representation and greater demands for public services.

Environmental impacts of high density include what?

Increased pollution and greater pressure on natural resources.

What does carrying capacity refer to?

The maximum number of people that the environment can support.

What is a guest worker?

An individual who migrates temporarily for employment.

Define transhumance.

Seasonal movement of people with their livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures.

What is interregional migration?

Movement from one region of a country to another.

Define intraregional migration.

Movement within one region of a country.

What is chain migration?

Migration influenced by family or community ties in the destination area.

What is a cultural enclave?

A geographic area with a high concentration of a particular cultural or ethnic group.

Define acculturation.

The process of adopting or adapting to another culture's customs while maintaining elements of the original culture.

cultural assimilation?

The process where a non-dominant group adopts the traits of a dominant culture.

What is an affirmative action policy?

A policy aimed at providing fair opportunities in jobs and education to underrepresented groups.

Define xenophobia.

The fear or dislike of people from other cultural groups.

What does scapegoating mean?

Blaming a non-dominant cultural group for misfortunes or problems.

Define a stateless nation.

A group that identifies as a nation but lacks a sovereign state.

What is a cultural hearth?

A geographic area where cultural traits originate and spread.

Define globalization.

The process of increased interconnectedness among people and nations, driven by trade and technology.

What are the impacts of globalization on culture?

Cultural homogenization and greater cultural exchange.

Define popular culture creation.

The development of cultural trends appealing to a broad audience.

What is the difference between horizontal and vertical diversity?

Horizontal diversity refers to variation among similar groups in different locations, while vertical diversity involves differences in status within a similar group.

Define artifacts in cultural studies.

Physical objects made by a culture.

What are mentifacts?

Ideas, beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values that define a culture.

Define sociofacts.

Social structures and ways people organize themselves within a culture.

What is the difference between material and nonmaterial culture?

Material culture refers to physical objects, while nonmaterial culture refers to beliefs and values.

What is an ethnic enclave?

A geographic area within a city where a specific ethnic group is concentrated.

Define cultural relativism.

The view that beliefs and practices should be understood based on their cultural context.

What is multiculturalism?

The coexistence of diverse cultures within one society.

What is nativism?

The preference for native-born citizens over immigrants.

What is a cultural region?

An area where people share similar cultural traits.

Define sequent occupance.

The concept that different cultural groups occupy the same space over time.

What is a centripetal force?

A force that pulls objects toward the center of a circular path.

What are the main types of diffusion?

Relocation diffusion and expansion diffusion.

Define relocation diffusion.

The spread of a cultural trait through the migration of people.

What is contagious diffusion?

The rapid spread of a cultural trait through direct contact.

Describe hierarchical diffusion.

The spread of cultural traits from influential individuals to others.

What is an isogloss?

A geographic boundary where a particular linguistic feature occurs.

Define homogenization in cultural context.

The reduction of cultural diversity.

What is imperialism?

When powerful countries take control of others, altering borders.

Define independence movement.

When a group seeks to break away to establish self-rule.

What does devolution refer to?

The transfer of power from the central government to local governments.

What was the Berlin Conference?

A meeting where European countries decided how to divide Africa.

What was the British Partition of India?

The process of dividing British land into India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

Define definitional boundary dispute.

A disagreement over the wording or meaning of a boundary agreement.

What is a locational boundary dispute?

A disagreement about the actual location of a boundary.

Define irredentism.

The belief that a country should control land beyond its borders due to shared culture.

What is an operational boundary dispute?

A disagreement on how a boundary should be managed.

Define allocational boundary dispute.

A disagreement over the ownership of natural resources across a border.

Describe a geometric boundary.

A straight line drawn on a map, often based on latitude or longitude.

What is a physical boundary?

A boundary following natural features like rivers or mountains.

Define cultural boundary.

A boundary that separates people based on cultural traits.

What is an antecedent boundary?

A boundary established before the area's population was well-defined.

Define subsequent boundary.

A boundary established after people have settled in the area.

What is a superimposed boundary?

A boundary drawn by outsiders without considering existing populations.

What is a relic boundary?

A boundary that no longer serves as a political border but has historical significance.

Define redistricting.

The process of redrawing district lines to ensure equal populations.

What is gerrymandering?

The manipulation of district boundaries to favor a particular political party.

Define cracking in terms of gerrymandering.

Dividing a group across several districts to diminish their electoral power.

What does packing refer to in gerrymandering?

Consolidating like-minded voters into one district to minimize their influence elsewhere.

Describe stacking in redistricting.

Combining a strong group with a larger population to dilute their power.

What is hijacking in gerrymandering?

Redrawing districts so that two representatives from the same party face each other.

Define kidnapping in redistricting.

Redrawing a district such that a representative's home is placed in an unfavorable district.

What was the significance of the 1965 Voting Rights Act?

It aimed to prevent racial gerrymandering and protect voting rights.

What does bipartisan mean?

Cooperation between two major political parties.

What is ethnonationalism?

Seeks to establish a nation based on shared ethnicity.

What is intensive subsistence agriculture?

Labor-intensive farming that requires substantial time and effort, often for rice cultivation.

Define extensive subsistence agriculture.

Farming that requires less time and input for food production.

What is pastoral nomadism?

Nomadic lifestyle centered around domesticated grazing animals.