SUMMARY

What is the capacity of Short-Term Memory (STM)?

5–9 items

What type of coding is used in Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

Semantic coding.

What did Baddeley discover about STM and LTM?

STM is worse with acoustically similar words, while LTM is worse with semantically similar words.

What is Miller's 'magic number'?

7 ± 2.

What did Jacobs find about digit span in his study?

Digits average recall is 9.3 and letters is 7.3.

What is the duration of Short-Term Memory (STM) according to Peterson & Peterson?

Approximately 18 seconds.

What percentage of recall did Bahrick find at 15 years for Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

90%.

What is the role of the Central Executive in Baddeley's Working Memory Model?

It allocates attention and has a limited capacity.

What influences recall in the context of interference?

Proactive interference occurs when old information affects new information; retroactive interference occurs when new information affects old information.

What principle is associated with forgetting due to lack of cues?

Encoding Specificity Principle.

What effect did Loftus & Palmer demonstrate with leading questions?

That wording of a question can alter the perception of an event, such as estimating higher speeds with the word 'smashed'.

What factor affects eyewitness recall negatively according to Johnson & Scott?

Weapon Focus.

What are the 4 techniques of the Cognitive Interview (CI)?

1. Report everything 2. Reinstate context 3. Reverse order 4. Change perspective.

What did Yuille & Cutshall find regarding high-stress situations and recall?

High stress can lead to better recall.

What is one benefit of the Enhanced Cognitive Interview?

It builds rapport and reduces anxiety.

What is a common critique of the Cognitive Interview methods?

It can be time-consuming and expensive.