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Who coined the term 'white collar crime' and proposed his theory could explain the phenomenon?
Sutherland
Which scholar brought Procedural Justice to the forefront of the law/legal context?
Tyler
Which scholars put 'life course criminology' on the map with their 1993 book?
Sampson & Laub
Who came up with a theory known as 'dual taxonomy'?
Moffit
Which scholars developed the concept known as 'punishment avoidance'?
Stafford & Warr
What theory suggests that perceived certainty and severity impact behavior?
Deterrence
Which theory suggests that the age-crime curve is made up of 2 distinct groups of offenders?
Dual Taxonomy
What theory suggests compliance works through personal morality and/or legitimacy?
Procedural Justice
Which perspective focuses on childhood socialization, adolescence, and adulthood?
Life-course criminology
What is the practice of creating WOW lists of the most violent offenders before notifying them through offender 'call-in' meetings?
Focused Deterrence and/or Pulling Levers
What type of data is collected at one point in time?
Cross-sectional
What type of data is usually focused on numbers and provides close-ended response sets?
Quantitative
What type of data uses a sample followed with repeated measures over time?
Longitudinal
What type of data allows for open-ended responses from respondents?
Qualitative
Which type of data is absolutely necessary for life-course criminology research?
Longitudinal
What type of deterrence suggests that those who get caught and punished will be less likely to offend in the future?
Specific Deterrence
Which element of deterrence performs the worst in empirical tests?
Severity
What type of deterrence should apply broadly, impacting everyone from law-abiding people to active offenders?
General deterrence
What types of sanctions dominate discussions of and tests of deterrence theory?
Formal, legal sanctions
What are the two strongest, most predictive factors of crime and law-abiding behavior under the deterrence framework?
Certainty & threat of non-legal sanctions
Procedural justice is viewed as a ______ framework, opposite of deterrence.
Normative
What avenue of compliance is largely ignored in Procedural Justice theory?
Personal morality
What avenue of compliance is the focal point of Procedural Justice theory?
Legitimacy or perceived legitimacy
What is the idea that negative experiences are more important than positive ones?
Asymmetry Hypothesis
By contrast to Procedural Justice theory, deterrence is viewed as a(n) ______ framework.
Instrumental
What is the name for the period of time when offending behavior begins?
Onset
What is a path of life moving in a single direction, either positively or negatively?
Trajectory
What things are known to redirect trajectories?
Turning points
What phenomenon suggests crime peaks during adolescence and young adulthood?
Age-crime curve
Which scholars proposed a theory of desistance that combines elements of sociological and agentic factors?
Giordano & colleagues
Who proposed an agentic theory of desistance?
Maruna
Which scholars proposed a sociological theory of desistance?
Sampson & Laub
What positive thoughts and beliefs suggest offenders are in control of their own destiny?
Redemption scripts
What negative thoughts and beliefs harm offenders and make them feel powerless?
Condemnation scripts
What two concepts studied by Sampson & Laub encompass all potential options for law-abiding and offending behavior?
Continuity and change
Who started the discussion of white-collar crime?
Sutherland
Which general theory of crime has been proposed to apply to white-collar offending?
Differential Association (DA)
Who is considered the most prolific white-collar offender of all time?
Bernie Madoff
What are the two primary agencies in charge of policing and investigating white-collar crime?
IRS & SEC
What is the two-pronged criteria that suggests something is a white-collar crime?
Committed by a person of respectable status; Committed in the course of oneās occupation
Which scholar was dead set against theoretical integration?
Hirschi
What method of improving theories involves starting from scratch?
Invention
What method of improving theories involves adding onto already established ideas?
Elaboration
What method of improving theories involves combining elements of two or more theories?
Integration
Which two theories did Kim and colleagues combine?
Social disorganization & deterrence
What are examples of micro theories in criminology?
Self-control, DA/SL, and GST
What are examples of macro theories in criminology?
Chicago/social disorganization and classic anomie
What type of integration combines elements from different units of analysis?
Micro and macro
What type of integration increases theoretical depth, where the final stages of theory 1 are the beginning of theory 2?
End-to-end
What is a quantitative metric that measures explained variance in the outcome variable?
R-squared
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