Untitled Flashcards Set
This scholar coined the term “white collar crime” and proposed his theory could explain the phenomenon.
Answer: Sutherland
This scholar brought Procedural Justice to the forefront of the law/legal context.
Answer: Tyler
These scholars put “life course criminology” on the map with their 1993 book.
Sampson & Laub
Answer: Sampson & Laub
This scholar came up with a theory known as “dual taxonomy.”
Answer: Moffit
These scholars came up with the concept known as “punishment avoidance.”
Answer: Stafford & Warr
This theory suggests that perceived certainty and severity impact behavior.
Answer: Deterrence
This theory suggests that the age-crime curve is made up of 2 distinct groups of offenders.
Answer: Dual Taxonomy
This theory suggests compliance works through personal morality and/or legitimacy.
Answer: Procedural Justice
This perspective aims to focus on childhood socialization, adolescence, and adulthood.
Answer: Life-course criminology
This is the practice of creating WOW lists of the most violent offenders before notifying them through offender “call-in” meetings.
Answer: Focused Deterrence and/or Pulling Levers
This type of data is collected at one point in time.
Answer: Cross-sectional
This type of data is usually focused on numbers and provides close-ended response sets (e.g., strongly agree to strongly disagree)
Answer: Quantitative
This type of data is used when a sample is followed with repeated measures over time.
Answer: Longitudinal
This type of data uses an open-ended response set, allowing for respondents to explain things in their own words.
Answer: Qualitative
This type of data is absolutely necessary for life-course criminology research.
Answer: Longitudinal
This type of deterrence suggests that those who get caught and punished will be less likely to do it in the future.
Answer: Specific Deterrence
This element of deterrence performs the worst in empirical tests (e.g., meta-analysis).
Answer: Severity
This type of deterrence should apply broadly. It should impact everyone from law-abiding people to active offenders.
Answer: General deterrence
These types of sanctions dominate our discussion of and the testing of deterrence theory.
Answer: Formal, legal sanctions
These two factors are the strongest, and most predictive of crime and law-abiding behavior under the deterrence framework.
Answer: Certainty & threat of non-legal sanctions
Procedural justice is viewed as a ______ framework, which is the opposite type of framework for deterrence.
Answer: Normative
This avenue of compliance is largely ignored in PJ theory.
Answer: Personal morality
This avenue of compliance serves as the focal point of PJ theory where the vast majority of attention lies.
Answer: Legitimacy or perceived legitimacy
This is the idea that negative experiences are more important than positive ones.
Answer: Asymmetry Hypothesis
By contrast to PJ theory, deterrence is viewed as a(n) ______ framework
Answer: Instrumental
This is the name for the period of time when offending behavior begins.
Answer: Onset
This is a path of life moving in a single direction: positively or negatively.
Answer: Trajectory
These things redirect trajectories.
Answer: Turning points
This phenomenon suggests crime peaks during adolescence and young adulthood before the majority of offenders stop engaging in crime during through adulthood.
Answer: Age-crime curve
These scholars proposed a theory of desistance that combines elements of sociological and agentic factors.
Anwer: Giordano & colleagues
This person proposed an agentic theory of desistance.
Answer: Maruna
These scholars proposed a sociological theory desistance.
Answer: Sampson & Laub
These positive thoughts and beliefs suggests offenders are in control of their own destiny and are capable of changing.
Anwer: Redemption scripts
These negative thoughts and beliefs harm offenders and make them believe they are powerless and cannot change.
Answer: Condemnation scripts
These two concepts were studied by Sampson & Laub, and they make up all of the potential options for law-abiding and offending behavior.
Answer: Continuity and change
This scholar started the discussion of white-collar crime.
Answer: Sutherland
This general theory of crime has been proposed to also apply to white-collar offending.
Answer: Differential Association (DA)
This person might be the most prolific white-collar offender of all time.
Answer: Bernie Madoff
These are the 2 primary agencies in charge of policing and investigating white-collar crime.
Answer: IRS & SEC
Name the two-pronged criteria that suggest something is a white-collar crime.
Answer: Committed by a person of respectable status
Committed in the course of one’s occupation
This scholar was dead set against theoretical integration.
Answer: Hirschi
This method improving theories is starting from scratch and developing new ones.
Answer: Invention
This method of improving theories is adding onto already established ideas.
Answer: Elaboration
This method of improving theories involves combining elements of two or more together.
Answer: Integration
Kim and colleagues combined these two theories together
Answer: Social disorganization & deterrence
Self-control, DA/SL, and GST are examples of these types of theories.
Answer: Micro
Chicago/social disorganization and classic anomie are examples of these types of theories.
Answer: Macro
This type of integration combines elements from different units of analysis.
Answer: Micro and macro
This type of integration increased theoretical depth in that the final stages of theory 1 are the beginning of theory 2.
Answer: End-to-end
This is a quantitative metric that measures explained variance in the outcome variable.
Answer: R-squared