Untitled Flashcards Set

This scholar coined the term “white collar crime” and proposed his theory could explain the phenomenon.

Answer: Sutherland

This scholar brought Procedural Justice to the forefront of the law/legal context.

Answer: Tyler

These scholars put “life course criminology” on the map with their 1993 book.

Sampson & Laub 

Answer: Sampson & Laub 

This scholar came up with a theory known as “dual taxonomy.”

Answer: Moffit

These scholars came up with the concept known as “punishment avoidance.”

Answer: Stafford & Warr

This theory suggests that perceived certainty and severity impact behavior.

Answer: Deterrence

This theory suggests that the age-crime curve is made up of 2 distinct groups of offenders.

Answer: Dual Taxonomy

This theory suggests compliance works through personal morality and/or legitimacy.

Answer: Procedural Justice

This perspective aims to focus on childhood socialization, adolescence, and adulthood.

Answer: Life-course criminology

This is the practice of creating WOW lists of the most violent offenders before notifying them through offender “call-in” meetings.

Answer: Focused Deterrence and/or Pulling Levers

This type of data is collected at one point in time.

Answer: Cross-sectional

This type of data is usually focused on numbers and provides close-ended response sets (e.g., strongly agree to strongly disagree)

Answer: Quantitative

This type of data is used when a sample is followed with repeated measures over time.

Answer: Longitudinal

This type of data uses an open-ended response set, allowing for respondents to explain things in their own words.

Answer: Qualitative

This type of data is absolutely necessary for life-course criminology research.

Answer: Longitudinal

This type of deterrence suggests that those who get caught and punished will be less likely to do it in the future.

Answer: Specific Deterrence

This element of deterrence performs the worst in empirical tests (e.g., meta-analysis).

Answer: Severity

This type of deterrence should apply broadly. It should impact everyone from law-abiding people to active offenders.

Answer: General deterrence

These types of sanctions dominate our discussion of and the testing of deterrence theory.

Answer: Formal, legal sanctions

These two factors are the strongest, and most predictive of crime and law-abiding behavior under the deterrence framework.

Answer: Certainty & threat of non-legal sanctions

Procedural justice is viewed as a ______ framework, which is the opposite type of framework for deterrence.

Answer: Normative

This avenue of compliance is largely ignored in PJ theory.

Answer: Personal morality

This avenue of compliance serves as the focal point of PJ theory where the vast majority of attention lies.

Answer: Legitimacy or perceived legitimacy

This is the idea that negative experiences are more important than positive ones.

Answer: Asymmetry Hypothesis

By contrast to PJ theory, deterrence is viewed as a(n) ______ framework

Answer: Instrumental

This is the name for the period of time when offending behavior begins.

Answer: Onset

This is a path of life moving in a single direction: positively or negatively.

Answer: Trajectory

These things redirect trajectories.

Answer: Turning points 

This phenomenon suggests crime peaks during adolescence and young adulthood before the majority of offenders stop engaging in crime during through adulthood.

Answer: Age-crime curve

These scholars proposed a theory of desistance that combines elements of sociological and agentic factors.

Anwer: Giordano & colleagues

This person proposed an agentic theory of desistance.

Answer: Maruna

These scholars proposed a sociological theory desistance.

Answer: Sampson & Laub

These positive thoughts and beliefs suggests offenders are in control of their own destiny and are capable of changing.

Anwer: Redemption scripts

These negative thoughts and beliefs harm offenders and make them believe they are powerless and cannot change.

Answer: Condemnation scripts

These two concepts were studied by Sampson & Laub, and they make up all of the potential options for law-abiding and offending behavior.

Answer: Continuity and change

This scholar started the discussion of white-collar crime.

Answer: Sutherland

This general theory of crime has been proposed to also apply to white-collar offending.

Answer: Differential Association (DA)

This person might be the most prolific white-collar offender of all time.

Answer: Bernie Madoff

These are the 2 primary agencies in charge of policing and investigating white-collar crime.

Answer: IRS & SEC

Name the two-pronged criteria that suggest something is a white-collar crime.

Answer: Committed by a person of respectable status 

Committed in the course of one’s occupation

This scholar was dead set against theoretical integration.

Answer: Hirschi

This method improving theories is starting from scratch and developing new ones.

Answer: Invention

This method of improving theories is adding onto already established ideas.

Answer: Elaboration

This method of improving theories involves combining elements of two or more together.

Answer: Integration

Kim and colleagues combined these two theories together

Answer: Social disorganization & deterrence

Self-control, DA/SL, and GST are examples of these types of theories.

Answer: Micro

Chicago/social disorganization and classic anomie are examples of these types of theories.

Answer: Macro

This type of integration combines elements from different units of analysis.

Answer: Micro and macro

This type of integration increased theoretical depth in that the final stages of theory 1 are the beginning of theory 2.

Answer: End-to-end

This is a quantitative metric that measures explained variance in the outcome variable.

Answer: R-squared