physical development u3

Infertility

Inability to conceive after 12 months of unprotected sex.

Causes of Infertility (Male)

Low sperm count, poor sperm quality.

Causes of Infertility (Female)

Ovulation issues, blocked fallopian tubes, age.

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)

Includes IVF, IUI, surrogacy.

Germinal Period

First two weeks after conception, where zygote creation and attachment to uterine wall occur.

Embryonic Period

Two to eight weeks after conception, where vital organs begin to form.

Fetal Period

Two months after conception lasting around 7 months, characterized by growth and development.

Teratogens

Agents that can cause birth defects or negatively impact cognitive and behavioral outcomes.

Dose-Response Relationship

The greater the dose of a teratogen, the greater the effect.

Selective Effect

Teratogens may not affect the mother but harm the embryo/fetus.

Prenatal Development

Period from conception to birth, involving significant growth.

Prenatal Screening Procedures Purpose

To determine if the fetus is developing normally.

Amniocentesis

Procedure to discover chromosomal or metabolic disorders.

Ultrasonography

Uses sound waves to detect disorders in the pregnant uterus.

Chorionic villus sampling

Sampling of the placenta to detect genetic variations.

Spina Bifida

A defect in which the spine does not close properly around the spinal cord.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Condition arising from alcohol exposure in utero, leading to physical and cognitive disabilities.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Condition where an infant stops breathing and dies without apparent cause, typically occurring during sleep.

Myelination

Process where nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells, improving information transmission.

Synaptic Pruning

The process where unused areas of the brain lose synaptic connections, increasing efficiency of active connections.

Menopause

The end of a woman's menstrual cycles and fertility, typically occurring between ages 45 and 55.

Hormonal Changes during Puberty

Changes that involve the interaction of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads.

Prefrontal Cortex

Region of the brain responsible for reasoning, decision-making, and self-control, maturing in early adulthood.

Amygdala

Part of the brain that processes emotions, maturing earlier than the prefrontal cortex.

Binge Drinking

Consumption of large amounts of alcohol in a short period, often leading to addiction and health risks.

Cardiovascular Disease

Conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, often caused by lifestyle factors.

Health Promotion

Involves creating supportive environments and promoting healthy choices to prevent illness.

Osteoporosis

A condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, increasing the risk of fractures.

Neurogenesis

The process of generating new neurons, crucial for learning and memory.

Down Syndrome

Genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21.