physical development u3

PRECONCEPTION/INFANCY

• Infertility 

Infertility: Inability to conceive after 12 months of unprotected sex.

Causes:

• Male: Low sperm count, poor sperm quality.
  
  

• Female: Ovulation issues, blocked fallopian tubes, age.
  
  

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART): Includes IVF, IUI, surrogacy

• Prenatal Development (Pussy Gets Eaten Finally)

Prenatal period

• Conception to birth (entire pregnancy)

• Time tremendous growth - from single cell to an organism complete with brain & behavioral capabilities 

Germinal Period (Gets attached to the uterine wall)

- First two weeks after the conception

- Creation of zygote, continued cell division, attachment of zygote to uterine wall

Embryonic Period

- Two to eight weeks after conception

- Rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form, and organs appear

Fetal Period

- Two months after conception and lasts 7 months on average

- Growth and development continue their dramatic course during this time

The Brain

- By the time babies are born they have approximately 100 billion brain cells which handle information processing at the cellular level in the brain

- The basic architecture of the human brain is assembled during the first two trimesters of prenatal development

- The nervous system begins to form a long, hollow tube located on the embryos back

- Forms 18-24 days after conception, develops out of the ectoderm

- The tube closes at the top and bottom ends at about 24 days after conception

• Prenatal Screening Procedures

Purpose: Determines whether the fetus is developing normally.

Types:

• Amniocentesis → discovers any chromosomal or metabolic disorders.

• Ultrasonography → sound waves into the pregnant uterus to detect disorders. (Placenta = villi)

• Chorionic villus sampling → sample of placenta to detect genetic variation.

• Maternal Serum Screening → identifies Spina bifida and Down syndrome.

• Fetal MRI → gives detailed images to detect abnormalities in the fetus.

• Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis → isolation & examination of fetal cells; tests for cystic fibrosis and Huntington’s disease.

• Teratogens – Effects on baby

Teratology

• The field of study that investigates causes of birth variations or abnormalities.

Teratogen

• Any agent that can cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes.

• Examples include:

  • Drugs

  • Incompatible blood types

  • Infectious diseases

  • Nutritional deficiencies

  • Maternal stress

  • Advanced maternal and paternal age

Key Concepts

• Dose-Response Relationship: The greater the dose of a teratogen, the greater the effect.

• Selective Effect: Teratogens may not affect the mother but can harm the embryo/fetus (e.g., x-rays, alcohol, certain drugs).
  
  

• Genetic Susceptibility:

  • The impact of teratogens depends on the genotypes of the mother and fetus.

  • Placental membranes and transport systems influence exposure levels.
    
    

• Timing of Exposure:

  • Germinal Period (0–2 weeks): May prevent implantation.

  • Embryonic Period (3–8 weeks): Most vulnerable — major structural defects can occur.

  • Fetal Period (9 weeks–birth): Less likely to cause anatomical defects; can affect growth and organ function.

Individual Teratogens and Their Effects

• German Measles (Rubella): Can cause heart defects, eye problems, brain damage.

• Thalidomide: Anti-nausea drug linked to severe limb malformations.

• Alcohol: Can lead to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) — physical deformities, intellectual disability, behavioral issues.

• STDs: May cause eye infections or transmit the disease to the baby.

• Zika Virus: Causes microcephaly (underdeveloped brain/skull)

• Birth Defects

What causes birth defects?

-Smoking

-drinking

-taking certain street drugs during pregnancy

- medical conditions, obesity

-certain meds like acne drugs

-birth defected family member

-older mother

-exposure to chemicals and viruses during pregnancy 

• Infancy - Biological

  • Physical Development

Average Canadian baby

• 20” in length (measured lying down cuz they dont b standin)

• 7.5lbs in weight

• First days lose 5-7% body weight prior to adjusting to neonatal feeding

• Gain average of 14-17 grams (0.3lbs) per week during first month

• Double birth weight by 4 months, triple by first year

Length

• Grow 1” per month during first year

• 1 ½ times their birth length by first birthday

• Newborns sleep 16-17 hours a day on average

• Sleep does not always follow a pattern but by one month infants sleep longer at night

• By about 4 months of age, they move closer to adult like sleep patterns, longest period of sleep at night

REM

• Rapid eye movement sleep - a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur

• Adults spend ⅕ of our night in REM sleep, and REM starts about one hour after sleep

• Infants spend ½ of their sleep in REM, and begin their sleep cycle with REM

• By 3 months REM drop to 40% and no longer starts the sleep cycle

• The large amount of rem may provide infants with added self stimulation since they spend less time awake than older children and promote brain development

• SIDs

• Sudden Infant  Death Syndrome - condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually during the night, and suddenly died without apparent cause

• 2005 - average three infants die per week in Canada

• Leading cause of death in infants between birth and 12 months but most likely occurs between two & six months

• Boys are more likely to die than girls

Research on SIDS

• Sleeping on back

• No toys or bedding in crib

• Low birth weight infants are more likely to die than normal weights infants

• Subsequent siblings of infants who have died of SIDS have a higher risk of dying from SIDS

• SIDS are more common infants exposed to cigarette smoke

The Brain

• Birth - brain weighs 25% of its adult weight

• Second Birthday - 75% of adult weight

• SIDS is more common in lower socio-economic groups (health care issue)

• Breastfeeding & Formula

Breastfeeding vs Formula Feeding

Infant Benefits:

• Physical:

• Lower risk of obesity

• Lower risk of asthma

• Lower risk of SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)

• Cognitive:

• Supports cognitive development

• Socio-Emotional:

• Promotes bonding between mother and child

• Releases oxytocin

Mother Benefits:

• Physical:

• Strengthens the uterus

• Helps reduce high blood pressure

• Cognitive:

• Lowers the risk of postpartum depression (PPD)

• Socio-Emotional:

• Enhances bonding with the child

Breastfeeding Disadvantages:

• Time-consuming

• Exhausting for the mother

• Cracked, sore nipples

• Issues with latching

• Mother can pass on diseases

• Blocked milk ducts

Infant Formula Benefits:

• Physical:

• Contains iron

• Easier digestion (enzymes)

• Allergy-friendly

• Tailored to baby’s needs

• Exact amount known

• Cognitive:

• Supports cognitive development

• Socio-Emotional:

• Bonds with everyone in the family

Mother Formula Benefits:

• Physical:

• Mom can do whatever she wants

• Less dependence on the mother

• Cognitive:

• Less stress for the mom

• Socio-Emotional:

• Anyone can feed the baby

• Convenient

Formula Disadvantages:

• Overfeeding

• Expensive

• Hygiene: Everything must be sanitized

• Water must be clean

• Possible allergies to formula

• Difficulty finding the right formula for baby’s allergies

• Availability issues

Brain Development - Dendrites:

• At birth, the infant has all the neurons (nerve cells that handle information processing) it will ever have.

• The most dramatic change in the brain during the first 2 years of life is the spreading of dendrite connections.

• Dendrites are short fibers that extend from the cell body and receive information from other neurons, carrying it into the cell body.

• At birth, the infant has all the neurons / nerve cells that handles information processing) it will ever have

• Most dramatic change in the brain in the first two year of life are the spreading connections of dendrites

Childhood Development (6-11 years of age):

• Elementary School Age: School skills (reading, writing)

• Formally exposed to the larger world and culture

• Achievement becomes a central theme

Physical Growth:

• Physical growth is fairly slow leading up to puberty

• Children grow 2 to 3 inches a year until age 11

• Children gain 5-7 lbs a year

• Weight increase is mainly due to the size of skeletal and muscular systems and the size of some body parts.

Sleep:

• Newborns sleep 16-17 hours a day.

• By 4 months of age, they move closer to adult-like sleep patterns, with the longest period of sleep at night.

SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome):

• A condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually during the night, and suddenly dies without apparent cause.

• In 2005, the average number of infant deaths per week in Canada was recorded.

• SIDS is the leading cause of death in infants between birth and 12 months, but it most likely occurs between 2 and 6 months.

• Boys are more likely to die than girls.

Skeletal Structure:

• Muscle mass and strength gradually increase

• Strength capabilities double

• Head circumference and waist circumference decrease in relation to body height

• Bones continue to ossify (harden)

The Brain:

• Brain volume stabilizes by the end of middle-late childhood

• Significant changes in structures and regions of the brain still occur

• Brain pathways and circuitry involving the prefrontal cortex are linked to improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control

• Thickness of the cerebral cortex may reflect improvements in language abilities

• Transition from using large areas of the brain to smaller, more specialized areas

• Synaptic pruning: Areas of the brain not being used lose synaptic connections, while those being used show an increase in connections

• Fine & Gross Motor Skills

• Gross Motor Skills:

• • Involves large muscle groups and whole body movement (e.g., standing up, walking, running, climbing stairs)

• Fine Motor Skills:

• • Coordination of small muscle movements (e.g., finger coordination, eye coordination, manual dexterity)

• Gross motor skills become smoother and more coordinated

• Fine motor skills improve due to increased myelination (nerve cells covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells), which increases the speed of information traveling through the nervous system.

CHILDHOOD

• Biological

  • Physical Development

MIDDLE-LATE childhood

• 6 - 11 years of age

• Elementary school age

• Skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic are mastered

• Formally exposed to a larger world and culture

Physical

• Physical growth is fairly slow leading up to puberty

• Childredn 2 inches and 3 inches a year until age 11

Weight 

• children gain 5 - 7 pound a year

• Weights increase due to mainly size of skeletal and muscular systems & size of some body organs

Skeletal structure

• Muscle mass and strength gradually increase

• Double strength capabilities

• Head circumference & waist circumference decrease in relation to body height

• Bones start to ossify (harden)

Brain

• Brain volume stabilizes by end of middle late childhood

• Significant changed in structures & regions of brain still occurring

  • Brain pathways and circuitry involving the prefrontal cortex

  • Linked to improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control

  • Thickness of cerebral cortex - may reflect improvements in language abilities

• Move from using large areas of brain to smaller areas

  • Synaptic pruning - areas of brain not being used lose synaptic connections and those being used show an increase in connection

• Report Card on Physical Activity

  • Improvements

Rallying for Resilience – Key Points

• Physical activity in kids is decreasing due to screen time, cost, less outdoor space, and now climate change (e.g., heatwaves, smoke, floods).
  
  

• Climate change = more indoor time → less movement, more screen use.
  
  

• Children are more vulnerable to poor air, extreme heat/cold due to smaller bodies and faster breathing.
  
  

• Low-income and racialized kids are impacted more – fewer resources, rely more on outdoor play.
  
  

• Fitness helps tolerate heat, but kids are becoming less fit.
  
  

• Physical activity can build resilience to climate effects.
  
  

• Solutions include:
  
  

  • Safer indoor play spaces.
    
    

  • Better access to public/active transportation.
    
    

  • Adjusted sport rules for extreme weather.
    
    

  • Family talks about climate to reduce eco-anxiety.
    
    

  • Targeted help for equity-denied communities.
    
    

• 2024 Physical Activity Grade: D+ (a slight improvement from D in 2022).
  
  

📝 Quick Summary – Key Stats & Info

❗ Overall Movement:

• Only 4% of kids meet full 24-Hour Movement Guidelines (activity, sleep, screen time).
  
  

• Girls (4%) follow them less than boys (8%).
  Grade: F
  
  

🏃 Unstructured Play:

• Only 22% get 2+ hrs/day of unstructured play.
  
  

• Lower-income families (28%) do better than higher-income (18%).
  Grade: D–
  
  

🚶 Active Transportation:

• Kids should walk, bike, or wheel more instead of driving.
  
  

• Schools should create travel plans to reduce pollution & car use.
  Grade: C–
  
  

🏅 Organized Sport:

• 68% of kids played organized sports.
  
  

• Boys (71%) more than girls (64%).
  
  

• High-income: 86% participate
  
  

• Low-income: 55%
  Grade: B
  
  

✅ Recommendations: More financial support & weather safety (e.g., sun, heat breaks).

🏫 Physical Education:

• 53% met gym class benchmarks.
  
  

• Only 35% of K–8 get 150+ mins/week.
  
  

• 69% of high school students take PE.
  Grade: C
  
  

✅ Recommendations: Make PE as important as math/science.

📺 Sedentary Behaviour (Screen Time):

• Only 27% meet the 2-hour/day screen time limit.
  
  

• Youth worse than kids (17% vs. 49%).
  
  

• Low-income families do worse.
  Grade: D
  
  

✅ Recommendations: Make screen rules at home, remove screens from bedrooms, use indoor active play during bad weather.

💤 Sleep:

• 65% meet sleep guidelines.
  
  

• Younger kids (5–13): 9–11 hrs; teens: 8–10 hrs/night.
  Grade: B–
  
  

✅ Recommendations: Morning sunlight, consistent bedtime, no screens in bedrooms.

📌 Key Takeaways You Could Use:

1. Pandemic Impact on Physical Development

• The report clearly outlines how COVID-19 restrictions lowered physical activity levels for children and youth across Canada.
  
  

• Overall physical activity received a D grade, and screen time got an F — both worsened due to lockdowns, online school, and cancelled programs.
  
  

• This links directly to biological/physical development delays due to reduced movement opportunities.
  
  

2. Active Play and Organized Sport

• Active play was rated D-, and organized sport received a C+, showing how pandemic closures affected important aspects of physical and social development.
  
  

• This ties into milestones like motor skill development, physical fitness, and even pro-social behaviour.
  
  

3. Equity & Physical Activity

• The report highlights inequities in access:
  
  

  • Children in higher-income families had more opportunities to stay active.
    
    

  • Racialized, newcomer, 2SLGBTQ+, Indigenous, and children with disabilities often had fewer safe, accessible options.
    
    

• This supports discussion around social determinants of healthy development.
  
  

4. Parental Involvement

• Caregivers often filled the gap in physical activity (e.g., acting as coaches), showing the importance of family influence on a child's development during times of crisis.
  
  

5. Mental Health + Physical Activity

• The report draws a strong connection between mental health and movement, especially during isolation.
  
  

• This connects to socio-emotional development from your course — how movement boosts mood, reduces stress, and supports overall well-being.
  
  

• Decline

• Decline: No, these findings highlight the need for improvement in several areas of children's physical and socio-emotional development.

• What do we need to change? 

• See above: There’s a need for greater equity in access to physical activity and better support for mental health through physical movement.

Childhood

• Vaccines

• The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that licensed vaccines are currently available to prevent or contribute to the prevention and control of twenty-five preventable infections

What are they?

• The administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to simulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity
  
  

Importance

• Vaccines can prevent or improve morbidity from infection
  
  

• When a sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated, this results in herd immunity
  
  

Implications

• Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases
  
  

• Worldwide eradication of smallpox
  
  

• Restrictions of diseases such as polio, measles, and tetanus from much of the world
  
  

• WHO reports that licensed vaccines are currently available to prevent or contribute to the prevention and control of twenty five preventable infections
  
  

Measles

• Attenuated - live virus i.e, measles, mumps
  
  

Who is required to have vaccines in Ontario?

• All children attending school between age 4 to 17 need to be immunized according to Ontario’s immunization schedules

• Changes to brain

  • Myelination

• Increase in brain size is due to myelination
  
  

• Myelination - nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells. Increase the speed of information travelling through the nervous system
  
  

• Hand-eye coordination complete 4 years of age
  
  

• Focusing attention complete end of middle-late childhood

• Synaptic Pruning

• Synaptic pruning - area of brain not being used lose synaptic connection and those being used show an increase in connection
  
  

  • Self-Regulation

• Early Childhood (2-5 years):
  
  

  • Self-regulation starts developing during the preschool years, but young children often need guidance to control impulses and manage their emotions.
    
    

  • Temperament (how easily a child is upset or calmed) plays a role in how children develop self-regulation.
    
    

• Middle Childhood (6-11 years):
  
  

  • As children grow, their ability to regulate behavior, emotions, and thoughts becomes more sophisticated.
    
    

  • They start learning strategies to manage stress, frustration, and other emotions without needing constant external control.
    
    

• Adolescence (12+ years):
  
  

  • Teenagers develop more advanced self-regulation skills, including better decision-making and understanding long-term consequences of actions.
    
    

  • Peer influence and the desire for independence can affect self-regulation

ADOLESCENCE

Biological

• Physical Development

Adolescence

• Transition from childhood to early adulthood

• Begins 10-12 and end 18-24

• Begins rapid physical changes, development of sexual characteristics

• Pursuit of independence and identity is prominent

Physical growth 

• A period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur primarily in early adolescence

Height

• Beginning of adolescent period, girls tend to be as tall or taller than boys

• End of middle school years boys have caught up or surpassed girls in height

Hormonal changes

• Powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried throughout the body by the bloodstream

• Endocrine systems role in puberty involves the interaction of the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland and the gonads (sex glands)

• Hypothalamus

  • A structure in the higher portion of the brain that monitors eating, drinking, and sex

• Pituitary gland

  • An important endocrine gland that controls growth and regulates other glands

• Gonads

  • Sex glands, tested in males, ovaries in females

• The pituitary sends a signal via gonadotropins (hormones that stimulate the testes or ovaries) to the appropriate gland to manufacture the hormone

• The pituitary gland, through interaction with the hypothalamus, detects when the optimal level of hormones in reached and responds by maintaining gonadotropin secretion

• These hormones lead to growth and skeletal maturation, or produce growth effects through interaction with the thyroid gland

The Brain

CORPUS CALLOSUM

• Where fibres connect the brain's left & right hemisphere

• Thickens during adolescence

• Improves adolescence ability to process information 

PREFRONTAL CORTEX

• Reasoning, decision making and self control 

• finishes maturing approximately 18-25 years of age

AMYGDALA

• the seat of emotions 

• Matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex

• Researchers found that the amygdala and hippocampus increase in volume

• both involved in emotion and part of limbic system

LIMBIC SYSTEM

• changes during puberty may lead adolescents to seek novelty and need higher levels of stimulation in order to experience pleasure

• But, because the prefrontal cortex js maturing, adolescents lack the cognitive skills to control their pleasure seeking 

• The disjunction between the limbic system & prefrontal cortex may account for the increase in risk taking

• Binge Drinking

What is binge drinking?

• large amounts of alcohol in a short period of time

• large Binge drinking, or heavy episodic drinking, is drinking alcoholic beverages with an intention of becoming intoxicated by heavy consumption of alcohol over a short period of time, but definitions vary considerably.

How many drinks is considered a binge?

• Four or more drinks for women in 2 hours, or five or more drinks for men during an occasion in 2 hours. 

What is the drink size?

• red solo cup is 1 ½ beers, half for wine, liquor is a shot

What is binge drinking and why are teens prone to it

• the influence of peers and drinking one drink leads to a part of ur brain (amygdala) slowly shuts off and stops alerting us when to stop drinking

• pouring their own drink they do not realize how much they are drinking and they often overestimate by 50%

• lack of experience 

Summarize why alcohol is dangerous for the teen brain

• brain is still developing 

• impairs decision making

• harder to detect danger

• chain reaction of more drinks after one

• people who start drinking at teens makes it later in life for you to be addicted

why does alcohol often make people feel bolder than usual

• part of ur brain that warns you gets shut off (amygdala detects danger)

• affects prefrontal cortex

• blackouts happen but you don't remember anything

• flood of dopamine 

Dangers of binge drinking:

• physical harm

• cognitive impairment 

• unwanted sexual assaults/ behaviour “consent”

• morals/ values - wishy washy

• alcohol poisoning 

• blacking out

• liver damage

• physical fights

Adolescence Physical Development:

• Transition from childhood to early adulthood

• Puberty is a period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation

• At the beginning of adolescence, girls tend to be as tall or taller than boys

• By the middle school years, boys have caught up to or surpassed girls in height

Pheromones:

• Powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried throughout the body by the bloodstream

Drugs in the Brain:

• Dopamine:

• Carries and influences messages between nerve cells

• Involved in the pleasure-reward circuit of the brain

• Creates excitement when doing something that makes us feel good

• A critical neurotransmitter

• Drugs increase dopamine levels

• Teens with high levels of stress experience reduced levels of dopamine

• Thrill-seeking, novelty, and pleasure-seeking activities trigger dopamine release

• Sleep

9 hours

• Substance Abuse - OSDUHS

1. Why has there been an increase in the usage of cannabis since the early 2000s? What are your predictions for the future

•  changes in laws & policies. 

• reduced stigma against cannabis.

• Medical use

• My prediction for the future involving cannabis use is that it will continue to be legalized for medical use, but will have stricter regulations so that the drug is used for the right purposes. 

2. In the 2017 survey, 11% of the teens reported vaping, which was the

same as 2015, but the 2019 survey stated 22.7% and then the 2021

survey stated 15.3% and in 2023 it was 13.4%.  Why are the percentage

Are users declining? Is there cause for concern about teenagers & vaping

considering the 2023 survey had a lower percentage of usage?

• increase of awareness of health risks involved in vaping.

• society's view on vaping has shifted and less people are urged to vape

• vaping regulations have been placed in many regions in canada have made nicotine limitations in e cigarettes as well as banned flavored e cigarettes as they particularly attract teenagers.

• Vaping among teenagers has declined because of the initiatives of schools. Schools play a significant role in discouraging vaping among teenagers, placing rules and consequences as well as spreading lots of awareness on the health risks of vaping. 

3. Non-alcoholic beverages are emerging as a new trend in the beverage market– why do you think people are switching to non-alcoholic alternatives?

• increase of desire for a healthier lifestyle

• to better their performance,

• the way they present themselves 

4. Do teenagers view driving while under the influence of marijuana differently than driving under the influence of alcohol? Explain your answer.

• Yes, many teenagers view driving under the influence of marijuana less impairing than when driving under the influence of alcohol. 

  • This is due to the idea that marijuana makes people feel more relaxed

There are also many incidents where drunk drivers are involved in car crashes, teenagers may see these things on the internet and get the false impression that these things only happen with alcohol consumption which is not true. 

5. Will the sales of alcohol (primarily beer, coolers, & wine) in convenience stores change the rate of consumption for adults?  Teenagers

• increase in accessibility and higher chances of impulse buys for many adults,

•  Alcohol sales in convenience stores will also make alcohol more accessible for teenagers because more advertisement and promotion of alcohol, teenagers may see this and become more compelled towards alcohol, increasing consumption rates among teenagers.

•  Alcoholic beverages like coolers that are sweet are targeted towards teenagers.

• Vaping

1. Smoking kills. Vaping can save your life.

• Vaping is often considered a potential harm reduction tool for smokers, but it is not risk-free. While e-cigarettes may help some smokers quit, especially by adjusting nicotine intake, they can also lead to addiction and other health risks, particularly for young people. Vaping is not without dangers, as it has been linked to a mysterious illness and significant health issues in teenagers.

2. The government should not tell people what to do. If someone wants to vape, they should be allowed to vape.

• While individual freedoms are important, government regulation is necessary when it comes to protecting public health. The rise in youth vaping, with increasing nicotine addiction and potential for severe illness, shows the importance of government action to prevent harm, especially for young people whose brains are still developing.

3. “To say that e-cigarettes will encourage non-smokers to start lighting up is just like saying that fake fur will encourage animal-rights activists to start shooting pandas!” – Jules Hall

This statement is an analogy that downplays the potential risks of e-cigarettes. In reality, e-cigarettes are attracting non-smokers, especially teens, and some people may begin vaping without realizing the risks, particularly with flavored e-liquids that appeal to younger people.

4. “Someone in my lab just showed me a bright pink one [vape]. And they’re selling them with flavors like chocolate and bubble gum. These things have nicotine, and you can tell who they’re trying to hook.” – Prue Talbot

• This quote highlights the concern about the marketing of e-cigarettes. Flavored vaping products, designed to appeal to younger individuals, are contributing to the rise in teenage vaping. The addition of nicotine and the targeting of flavors to attract kids is seen as a deliberate attempt to build addiction at an early age.

WHILE VIEWING QUESTIONS:

1. How many deaths have been linked to vaping in the U.S.?

c) 26

2. In Canada, nearly 15 percent of high school students admit to using vape products.

TRUE

3. Federal law allows for advertising of e-cigarettes or vaping products on TV, radio, and online.

TRUE

4. Canada’s maximum nicotine content is more than three times the European limit.

TRUE

5. Nicotine addiction alters teen brain development.

•TRUE

6. In nearly 400 cases of vaping-related illnesses and at least seven deaths, the Centers for Disease Control in the U.S. found most cases involved the use of THC.

• TRUE

7. Why has a lawsuit been filed against e-cigarette giant JUUL in the B.C. Supreme Court?

• c) JUUL targets minors in advertising and misleads people by saying vaping is safer than smoking.

8. Increase in Canadian teen vaping:

• The percentage of Canadian teens (16 to 19) who have vaped in the last month increased dramatically from 8.4% in 2017 to 14.6% in 2018, showing a 74% increase.

9. How do e-cigarettes work?

• E-cigarettes consist of a vaporizer (vape pen) and a cartridge of e-juice (liquid). The liquid, which may contain nicotine or cannabis compounds, is vaporized by a coil heated by a battery. Users inhale the vapor, which contains nicotine and sometimes flavorings.

10. Why are e-cigarettes considered ‘better’ than cigarettes?

• E-cigarettes do not contain tobacco and do not involve combustion, which means they avoid the cancer-causing toxins found in traditional cigarettes. However, they still deliver nicotine and can be addictive.

11. What is the mysterious illness?

• The mysterious illness is a vaping-related lung condition that causes symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and vomiting. Some people require oxygen or mechanical ventilation to recover. It has affected mostly teenagers.

12. What are the possible causes of the mysterious illness?

• The possible causes of the mysterious illness include inhaling harmful chemicals found in e-cigarettes. Contaminants in e-liquid or additives like oils or THC may also contribute to lung damage and severe inflammation.

• STI’s - presentation

ADULT

• Biological

Adulthood Physical Development

Early Adulthood

• Begins early twenties and lasts through thirties (24-39 years)

• Time of establishing

  • Personal & economic independence

  • Career development

  • Selecting a romantic partner

  • Starting a family

  • Raising children

Middle Adulthood

• Begins approximately 40 years of age and extends to about 65

• Time of expanding personal & social involvement and responsibility

• Assisting the next generation becoming the competent, mature individuals

• Reaching and maintaining satisfaction in a career

Physical Changes

• Appearance

  • Skin begins to wrinkle and sag because of loss of fat and collagen in underlying tissues

  • Age spots - small localized areas of pigmentation in skin, mostly areas exposed to sunlight

  • Hair becomes thinner & greyer due to lower replacement rate & decline in melanin production

  • Fingernails and Toenails develop ridges and become thicker and more brittle

  • Seeing increase in cosmetic surgery, dyeing hair, exercise, vitamins

• Strength, Joints, and Bones

  • Reach peak physical performance under the age of 30, often between 19 and 26

  • Muscle tone & strength show signs of decline around the age of 30

  • Sarcopenia - age related loss of muscle mass and strength

    • Usually occurs in back and legs

    • Exercise can reduce the decline in sarcopenia

• Joints - cushions for the movement of bones (tendons & ligaments) become less efficient in middle age

• Joint stiffness & more difficulty in movement

• Maximum bone density occurs mid - late 30s, after there is a progressive loss of bone density

• Women experience twice the rate of bone loss

• Accomodation of eye (ability to focus & maintain an image on the retina) - experiences sharp decline between 40 and 50 years

• Difficulty in viewing close objects, have to wear glasses - presbyopia, particularly bifocal

• Eye’s blood supply diminished in 50s - decrease visual field size & accounts for increase in blind spots

• 60 years - retina receives only ⅓ as much light as in 40s - due to decrease in size of pupil

• Hearing

  • Starts to decline in 40s

  • Sensitivity to high pitches usually declines first

  • Men lose sensitivity to high pitched sounds sooner than woman possible due to occupations

• Cardiovascular system

  • High blood pressure & high cholesterol levels

  • Heart disease & stroke are the number 1 cause of death in Canada

  • Fatty deposits & scar tissue slowly accumulate in the linings of blood vessels, gradually reducing blood flow to various organs

  • Deposits begin in childhood

• Sleep

  • Number of hours of sleep does not change in mid life but wakeful periods are more frequent and less of the deepest type of sleep

  • Amount of time lying awake in bed 

• Longest span of any period of development
  
  

• Number of people in this age group are dramatically increasing
  
  

• Young-Old: 65 to 84 years
  
  

• Oldest-Old: 85 years to death
  
  

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

PHYSICAL APPEARANCE & HEIGHT

• Lose height starting in middle age
  
  

• Increases with age
  
  

• Men:
  
  

  • 30–50 years: lose 1.27 cm
    
    

  • 50–70 years: lose 2 cm
    
    

  • Total: may lose an inch and may lose another inch between 50–70 years
    
    

• Women:
  
  

  • 25–75 years: lose 5 cm
    
    

  • Can lose as much as two inches
    
    

• Decrease in height is due to bone loss in the vertebrae
  
  

WEIGHT

• Weight usually drops after reaching 60 years of age
  
  

• Due to muscle loss
  
  

THE BRAIN

• Brain loses 5–10% of its weight between ages 20 and 90
  
  

• Brain volume decreases by approximately 15%
  
  

• Possible reasons:
  
  

  • Decrease in dendrites
    
    

  • Damage to the myelin sheath
    
    

  • Death of brain cells
    
    

• Prefrontal cortex shrinks with aging
  
  

  • Linked to a decrease in working memory in older adults
    
    

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

• A general slowing of function
  
  

• Affects physical coordination and intellectual performance
  
  

• After age 70: no longer show knee-jerk reflex
  
  

• By age 90: most reflexes are virtually gone
  
  

• Can impair performance of older adults on intelligence tests, especially timed tests
  
  

ADAPTING BRAIN

NEUROGENESIS

• The generation of new neurons
  
  

• In mice:
  
  

  • Exercise and an enriched, complex environment can generate new brain cells
    
    

  • Stress reduces their survival rate
    
    

• In humans:
  
  

  • Neurogenesis only occurs in two regions:
    
    

    • Hippocampus (memory)
      
      

    • Olfactory bulb (smell)
      
      

• Physical Development – Early, Middle & Old

🧍 Early Adulthood (Approx. 20–39 years)

Physical Development:

• Peak physical performance (mid-20s to early 30s): strength, reaction time, cardiovascular ability.
  
  

• Body systems function efficiently: skin is elastic, senses are sharp, reproductive capabilities are at their best.
  
  

• Brain development: the prefrontal cortex is fully matured, supporting better decision-making and self-regulation.
  
  

Health Concerns:

• Injuries and risk-taking: especially in early 20s (e.g. motor vehicle accidents, substance use).
  
  

• Mental health issues: such as anxiety and depression.
  
  

• Reproductive health: fertility, STIs, and contraception.
  
  

• Lifestyle diseases: habits formed now (smoking, drinking, poor diet, lack of exercise) can lead to chronic diseases later.
  
  

• Stress-related illnesses: due to career, finances, relationships.
  
  

🧑‍💼 Middle Adulthood (Approx. 40–65 years)

Physical Development:

• Gradual physical decline: slower metabolism, decreased muscle mass, and flexibility.
  
  

• Wrinkles, graying hair, and other visible aging signs.
  
  

• Vision and hearing: begin to decline (presbyopia is common – trouble focusing on close objects).
  
  

• Menopause (females): typically between ages 45–55, with hormonal changes, hot flashes, and mood shifts.
  
  

• Andropause (males): slower testosterone decline, potential changes in libido and energy.
  
  

Health Concerns:

• Cardiovascular disease: high blood pressure, cholesterol.
  
  

• Type 2 diabetes: often due to lifestyle factors.
  
  

• Cancer risk increases: breast, prostate, colon, etc.
  
  

• Osteoporosis: especially in women after menopause.
  
  

• Obesity: due to decreased activity/metabolism.
  
  

👵 Late Adulthood / Older Adulthood (65+ years)

Physical Development:

• More noticeable declines in muscle strength, bone density, and mobility.
  
  

• Slower reflexes and motor skills.
  
  

• Skin becomes thinner, and hair continues to thin.
  
  

• Brain function may decline: slower processing speed, memory issues.
  
  

• Immune system weakens, increasing vulnerability to illness.
  
  

• Height shrinkage is common due to spinal compression.
  
  

Health Concerns:

• Arthritis and joint pain.
  
  

• Cognitive decline: dementia, including Alzheimer's.
  
  

• Vision/hearing loss: cataracts, macular degeneration, hearing impairment.
  
  

• Falls and injuries: due to decreased balance and muscle strength.
  
  

• Chronic diseases: heart disease, diabetes, cancer.
  
  

• Mental health: loneliness, depression, especially with loss of loved ones

• osteoporosis.
  
  

• 
  

  • Health Concerns

Menopause is a natural biological process that marks the end of a woman’s menstrual cycles and fertility. It typically occurs between ages 45 and 55, but can happen earlier or later.

🔬 What Happens During Menopause?

• Menopause happens when the ovaries stop producing eggs and estrogen and progesterone levels decrease, which are the hormones responsible for menstruation and reproduction.
  
  

🩸 Signs You’ve Reached Menopause:

• You haven’t had a period for 12 consecutive months (and you're not pregnant or ill).
  
  

• Before this, you may go through perimenopause — a transitional phase with irregular periods and hormone fluctuations.
  
  

🌡 Common Symptoms:

• Hot flashes (sudden feelings of heat)
  
  

• Night sweats
  
  

• Mood swings
  
  

• Trouble sleeping
  
  

• Vaginal dryness
  
  

• Loss of bone density (increased risk of osteoporosis)
  
  

• Changes in libido
  
  

• Weight gain or slower metabolism
  
  

🧠 Fun Fact:

Even though it’s a biological event, menopause can impact mental health too — some women experience anxiety, depression, or difficulty concentrating due to hormone changes.

1. Weakened Bones (Osteoporosis):bones can become thinner and weaker, When older adults fall, their bones are more prone to breaking, 

2. Balance and Coordination Issues: Aging can lead to a decline in balance, coordination, and muscle strength, making falls more likely. 

3. Slower Recovery: As people age, the body’s ability to heal slows down.

4. Risk of Head Injuries: Falls increase the risk of head injuries

5. Loss of Mobility: A fall can lead to immobility or difficulty moving around,

6. Complications from Preexisting Conditions: Older adults often have chronic health conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, or high blood pressure
   
   

• Live to 100

• Diet: A balanced diet rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and healthy fats.
  
  

• Physical Activity: Regular, moderate exercise and staying physically active throughout life.
  
  

• Social Connections: Strong relationships with family and friends.
  
  

• Purpose: Having a sense of purpose or meaning in life.
  
  

• Stress Management: Effective coping mechanisms for stress and maintaining mental well-being.
  
  

• Health Care: Access to good healthcare, especially preventative care.