psych practice

Carl Rogers

Humanism; client-focused therapy.

Locus of Control

Julian Rotter's concept of internal vs external attribution for events.

Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov's learning process of associating a neutral stimulus with a response.

Individual Psychology

Alfred Adler's theory focusing on birth order, superiority, and inferiority.

Theory of Intelligence

Robert Sternberg's theory that includes analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

Multiple Intelligences

Howard Gardner's eight types of intelligences including visual-spatial and interpersonal.

Primary Mental Abilities

Louis Thurstone's seven different cognitive abilities.

G-factor

Charles Spearman's term for the common factor identified in intelligence testing.

Functionalism

Emile Durkheim's perspective on how components of society work together.

Dramaturgy

Erving Goffman's theory analyzing the presentation of self in everyday life.

Conflict Theory

Karl Marx's theory focusing on economic conflict across social classes.

Bureaucracies

Max Weber's concept of structured organizations which he described as the 'iron cage'.

Founding Father of Sociology

Auguste Comte's title for his role in establishing sociology as a field.

Postmodern Theorist

Jean Baudrillard's perspective on hyperreality.

Stages of Population Growth

Frank Notestein's theory outlining population dynamics over different stages.

Demographic Change

Thomas Malthus's theory on population growth surpassing food supply.

McDonaldization

George Ritzer's concept regarding efficiency and mass production in businesses.

Psychological Masquerade

Condition in which psychological disorders are attributed to physical causes.

Biological Fallacy

The mistaken belief that all behaviors are determined solely by biological factors.

Conditioned Responses

Responses that are learned through association with a conditioned stimulus.

Reinforcements

Factors that increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms one’s preconceptions.

Halo Effect

Form of confirmation bias where one positive trait influences perceptions of other traits.

Reflected Appraisal

The idea that self-esteem is based on the perceptions of others.

Learned Helplessness

Condition where a person feels unable to control their circumstances.

Foot-in-the-Door Technique

A persuasion strategy that involves getting a person to agree to a small request before making a larger request.

Denial

A defense mechanism used to cope with anxiety by refusing to accept reality.

Attention Deficit

Condition often associated with ADHD characterized by an inability to maintain attention.

Role Conflict

A situation where one experiences difficulties fulfilling multiple roles satisfactorily.

Role strain

Stress that arises from trying to meet the expectations of a particular role.

OCEAN

Acronym for the Big Five personality traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

Social Movements

Organized activities aimed at promoting or resisting change in society.

Cognitive Theory

Focuses on the mental processes involved in perception, memory, and thinking.

Behaviorism

A psychological approach that emphasizes the study of observable behavior.

Psychodynamic Theory

Focuses on unconscious processes and childhood experiences.

Humanistic Theory

Emphasizes individual potential and stresses the importance of growth and self-actualization.

Social Control Theory

Theory suggesting that social interactions create bonds that encourage conformity.

Social Learning Theory

Theory that posits behaviors are learned through observing others.

Labeling Theory

The classification of individuals into a particular category based on behaviors.

Systems Theory

Approach that examines systems in a holistic manner, considering all parts and their interactions.

Social Desirability

The tendency to present oneself in a favorable light in social contexts.

Attribution Theory

Theory focused on how people explain the causes of behavior and events.

Feminist Theory

Analysis of societal structures that perpetuate gender inequality.

Social Interactionism/Symbolic Interactionism

Focuses on the symbols and meanings people develop through social interaction.

Assimilation Theory

The process through which immigrants integrate into a new culture.

Ecological Theory

Theory suggesting that behavior is influenced by environmental contexts.

Diffusion of Innovations Theory

Describes how new ideas spread within a social system.

Gender Role Conflict

Conflict arising from differing expectations based on gender roles.

Trait Theory

Approach that focuses on identifying and measuring individual personality characteristics.

Ethnocentric

Evaluating other cultures based on the standards of one’s own culture.

Neurotransmitter

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses between neurons.

Activation-Synthesis Theory

A theory asserting that dreams are created by the physiological processes of the brain.

Cognitive Process Dream Theory

Framework that views dreams as extensions of waking consciousness.

Problem Solving Dream Theory

The idea that dreams help individuals solve problems by working through issues during sleep.

Depth of Processing

The concept that information can be processed at varying levels of depth, affecting memory retention.

Solomon Asch’s Experiment

Study investigating conformity and social pressure in group settings.

Stanley Milgram’s Experiment

Research examining obedience to authority figures.

The Robbers Cave Experiment

Study of prejudice and inter-group conflict among children.

Unethical Medical Experiment

Research that lacks ethical standards, such as the Tuskegee syphilis study.

Reliability

The consistency of a measure over time.

Causality

The relationship between cause and effect.

Generalization

The extent to which findings from a study can be applied to other settings or groups.

Standard Deviation

A measure of the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of values.

Double Blind Studies

Experiments in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment.