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What are atoms?
Atoms are the smallest units of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
What particles make up an atom?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Where are protons located in an atom?
Protons are found in the nucleus of the atom.
What does the number of protons in an atom determine?
The atomic number of the element.
What is the atomic number of carbon?
What are neutrons?
Neutral particles located in the nucleus that contribute to the mass of the atom.
What are isotopes?
Different forms of an element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
What are electrons?
Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus in various energy levels or shells.
What is the relationship between protons and electrons in a neutral atom?
The number of electrons equals the number of protons.
What is an ion?
A charged atom that results from an unequal number of protons and electrons.
What is the Bohr Model?
A representation of the atom showing electrons in shells around the nucleus.
What is the maximum number of electrons in the innermost shell (1n)?
2 electrons.
What is the maximum number of electrons in the second and third shells?
8 electrons
What does the outermost shell of an atom determine?
determines the valence/ arent paired
What is the definition of Atoms with a full outer shell
tend to be inert (nonreactive).
What is the octet rule?
Atoms seek to have eight electrons in their valence shell for stability.
What do atoms do to achieve a full valence shell?
Atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons.
What are covalent bonds?
Bonds formed when electron pairs are shared equally between two atoms.
What do you call atoms held together by covalent bonds?
Molecules.
What is electronegativity?
The attraction of an atom for the electrons in a covalent bond.
What happens in nonpolar covalent bonds?
Atoms with similar electronegativities share electrons equally.
What occurs in polar covalent bonds?
Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally.
What are ionic bonds?
Bonds formed when one atom completely steals an electron from another.
What is an example of ionic bonding?
The formation of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions from sodium and chlorine.
What is a hydrogen bond?
The non-covalent attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.
What are the three properties of water due to hydrogen bonding?
Cohesion, adhesion, and solubility.
What is cohesion?
The ability of water molecules to stick to each other.
What is adhesion?
The ability of water to stick to other substances.
What are Van der Waals interactions?
Weak forces arising from temporary charges created when electrons are unevenly distributed.
What determines how molecules recognize and respond to each other?
Molecular shape.
What are reactants?
The starting materials in a chemical reaction.
What are products?
The resulting materials from a chemical reaction.
What does chemical equilibrium refer to?
The state where the amounts of reactants and products remain steady at a specific ratio.
Can chemical reactions go both ways?
Yes, all chemical reactions can theoretically go forward or backward.
What is meant by the term
The balance point in a chemical reaction where the forward and backward reactions occur at equal rates.
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