CS EOPA (unfinished)

literally everything programming related that could possibly be in a high school level assessment smushed into one flashcard set

Concatenation

The process of joining two or more strings into one string

Keyword

used in programming to represent reserved words that have specific meaning

!

not

==

Equal to, will be true if the expressions on both sizes are equal, but not necessarily the same data type.

&&

”and” - returns True if both operands are true

!=

Not equal to, will be true if the expressions on both sizes are not equal, data type does not matter.

JavaScript

A high level, interpreted language that is one of the 3 core Web technologies along with CSS and HTML

High-level language

A programming language such as C, FORTRAN, or Pascal that enables a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer. These languages are closer to human languages and further from machine languages.

Scripting (interpreted)

a programming language where instructions are executed directly by an interpreter at runtime, rather than being compiled into machine code beforehand; used for web development

Examples include:

• Perl

• AJAX

• JavaScript

• PHP

• Python

• Ruby

Low-level Language

A programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture—commands or functions in the language map closely to processor instructions (i.e. assembly).

PHP

A programming language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into HTML

Perl

A scripting (interpreted) language that is similar to C and can optionally be compiled into C code. Used for many different web programs

Pascal

A procedural language that is small and efficient to encourage good programming practices

Abstraction

The process of simplifying complex systems by focusing on the essential features while ignoring the irrelevant details

helps in managing complexity in programming and problem-solving

Algorithm

a step by step process that describes how to solve a problem in a way that always gives a correct answer

Boolean logic

takes two statements or expressions and applies a logical operator to generate a value that can be either true or false

Comment

a note in the code explaining the “what” and “why” of a portion of it

• necessary if there is a reader besides the creator

Compilation

The process of source code being translated into machine code

Debugging

The process of identifying and removing errors from a computer program

Decomposition

the process of breaking down a complex problem or system into smaller parts that are more manageable and easier to understand

Documentation

written materials, such as user manuals or technical guides, that provide information about how to use and maintain a software program

Flow Chart

a visual representation of an algorithm or process, showing the steps and their order using shapes and arrows

Function

how the code achieves its purpose

Purpose

the specific reason or goal for which a program or function is designed, outlining what it aims to accomplish

Input

data received by a program or function for processing

Iteration

The repetition of steps in an algorithm or program for a certain amount of times or until a certain condition is met

Logic Error

A mistake in an algorithm or program that causes it to behave unexpectedly or return the incorrect value

For loop

a control structure used to repeat a block of code a specified number of times; basically the same thing as a for next statement

While Loop

repeatedly executes a block of code as long as a specified condition remains true

Output

the result or value produced by a program or function after it has been executed

Fair Programming

the practice of writing code that is transparent, understandable, and promotes collaboration and inclusivity among programmers

Parameter

a special kind of variable used in a function to refer to one of the pieces of data provided as input to the function

Procedure

a set of instructions that perform a specific task and can be reused in different parts of a program

Runtime Error

errors that can only be detected while the program is running

Syntax Error

A mistake in typed code that violates the rules of the programming language. Typically, code will not run

Array

a special variable that can hold more than one value at a time

boolean Data Type

a data type that has one of two possible values (usually denoted true and false) which is intended to represent the two truth values of logic (primitive in Java)

char data type

a data type with the size of exactly one byte (primitive in Java)

Data Type

a classification that specifies the type of data a variable or object can hold

First-in-first-out (FIFO)

a method for organizing the manipulation of a data structure where the oldest/first entry, or "head" of the queue, is processed first

Hash Table

a data structure that implements an associative array (arrays organized not by indices but by labels), also called a dictionary or simply a map

Integer Data Table

a data type that represents some range of mathematical numbers

Last-in-first-out (LIFO)

a data structure in which the newest element added to the stack is processed first

Primitive Data Type

a set of basic data types from which all other data types are constructed

Queue

a collection of entities that are maintained in a sequence and can be modified by the addition of entities at one end of the sequence and the removal of entities from the other end of the sequence

Stack

a data structure used in computer science which operates based on the last-in-first-out (LIFO) principle

String Data Type

a data type that is a sequence of characters (object in Java)

Operators

symbols that perform specific actions on data, like mathematical calculations or logical comparisons

+

addition

-

subtraction

*

multiplication

/

division

%

modulus - remainder of division

ex: 10 ___ 3 = 1

**

exponentation

//

floor division - rounds down to the nearest whole number

=

assign

+=

add and assign

-=

subtract and assign

*=

multiply and assign

/=

divide and assign

%=

modulus and assign

//=

floor divide and assign

**=

exponentiate and assign

<=

less than or equal to

NOT

reverses the boolean value of the operand

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

responsible for executing instructions and processing data

Graphics Card

a computer expansion card that generates a feed of graphics output to a display device such as a monitor

Hard Drive

a physical computer component that stores data, including programs, pictures, documents and your operating system

RAM

the short-term memory that software can use to store data quickly and temporarily

I/O (Binary Power)

Input/Output operations in computing that manage the data interchange between the computer and external devices

Buttons

Devices that allow users to input commands or control actions on electronic devices or interfaces

Keyboard

a set of keys that input data or commands into a computer or device, often used for typing or gaming

Database

a structured collection of data that can be easily accessed, managed, and updated

HTML/CSS

languages used for creating and styling web pages.

NoSQL (“Not only SQL”)

databases that come in a variety of types based on their data model. The main types are document, key-value, wide-column, and graph. They provide flexible schemas and scale easily with large amounts of big data and high user loads.

Structured Query Language (SQL)

a programming language for storing and processing information in a relational database

Webpage

A document that is displayed in a web browser and can be accessed through the World Wide Web, often created using HTML and styled with CSS

Website

A collection of related web pages that are typically identified by a common domain name and can include multimedia content.

Are hosted on web servers and accessed via the internet.

Authentication

the process of verifying the identity of a user or device attempting to access a system or network

Encryption

The process of scrambling data to prevent unauthorized access

Privacy

the ability of a person to determine for themselves when, how, and to what extent personal information about them is shared with or communicated to others

Ransomware

malware that holds system captive and demands a ransom

Application Programming Interface (API)

a library of procedures and a description of how to call each procedure (a set of rules)

Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

collection of programs that support software development, such as debuggers, editors, toolkits, and libraries, that lets programmers perform several tasks within the shell of a single application

Firewall

security systems that monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

standard network protocol used to transfer computer files between a client and server on a network

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

a set of rules that govern how information will be transferred between networked devices, specifically web servers and client browsers

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

an extension of HTTP.

Uses encryption for secure communication over a computer network, and is widely used on the Internet

Hub

a device that links multiple computers and devices together

Internet

a global network of interconnected computers and devices that allows users to access and share information and devices, allowing them to communicate and exchange data

Internet Protocol (IP)

a set of rules governing the format of data sent over the internet or other network

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

a data link protocol used on the internet to let computers and other devices send and receive data

• Reliable (sends things without errors)

• Secure

• Slower

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

a communication protocol used across the Internet for especially time-sensitive transmissions such as video playback or DNS lookups

Intranet

a private network contained within an enterprise that is used to securely share company information and computing resources among employees

Internet Service Provider

a company that provides individuals and organizations with access to the internet

Modem

a device that converts signals produced by one type of device (such as a computer) to a form compatible with another

Networks

interconnected computing devices that can exchange data and share resources with each other

Packets

a small segment of a larger message

Packet Switch

a technique used in computer networks to transmit data as packets

Protocols

a set of rules that govern how data is transmitted and received in a network