Lab Practical 2

additional adaptations for life on land

waxy cuticle, gas exchange via stomata, vascular system, pollen and seeds

which adaptations are only found in vascular plants?

vascular system and pollen and seeds

what is the waxy cuticle?

outer surface to prevent desiccation (drying out)

what does the vascular system do?

allows for relative independence from water

what are pollen and seeds for?

allows reproduction without direct water contact

nonvascular plants

bryophytes and liverworts

seedless vascular plants

ferns and horsetails

characteristics of nonvascular plants

no vascular structures, remain small and close to the ground, flagellated sperm, no seeds or pollen

Examples of nonvascular plants

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

xylem and phloem

two types of vascular tissue

what are the vascular structures used for?

water/nutrient transport

why do nonvascular and seedless vascular plants have flagellated sperm?

so dependent on water for reproduction

characteristics of seedless vascular plants

vascular tissue present, flagellated sperm, no seeds or pollen

examples of seedless vascular plants

ferns, club mosses, horsetails

plants alternate between

a multicellular haploid gametophyte generation and a multicellular diploid sporophyte generation

which plants have a dominant gametophyte generation

nonvascular seedless plants

All other plants have a Dominant ______ generation.

sporophyte

pollen =

male gametophyte

pine tree =

sporophyte generation

Gametes are always what?

haploid (1N)

spores are always what?

haploid (1N)

fertilization results in a what?

diploid zygote (2N)

mitosis

2N → 2N

1N → 1N

meiosis

2N → 1N

what habitats are nonvascular plants restricted to and why?

moist habitats for reproductive cycle

moss (bryophyte) reproduction

gametophyte generation is dominant, sporophyte grows from gametophyte, gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis, sporophyte produces spores by meiosis

anteridium

sperm producing structure

archegonium

female reproductive structure

gametophyte, gametes and spores are all what?

haploid

sporophytes are what?

diploid

Marchantiophyta (liverworts) reproducton

primitive belief that could cure liver disorders, have flattened thallus, gemma cups, and rhizoids, can reproduce: sexually or asexually

Liverwort asexual reproduction

water splashes into gemma cups filled with a clump of tissue, gemmae fall and that tissues grows into a new liverwort copy

which plants have vascular tissue for water and nutrient transport?

seedless vascular plants

xylem

transports water: large, non-living, empty celss

phloem

transports food (carbohydrates): large, barely living cells

what type of environment do seedless vascular plants need?

moist environments for reproduction

fern reproduction

spores form by meiosis underneath fronds (leaves) within collections of sporangia called sori

gymnosperms include

cycads, ginkgos, conifers, and gnetophytes

angiosperms are

flowering plants

seed plants are

vascular

seeds

protection against dehydration, protection against UV light, seed contains food and embryo, dispersed further by wind/animal

pollen

water unnecessary for fertilization, protection for sperm, dispersed further by wind/animal

Gymnosperms characteristics

economically and ecologically important, wind pollinated, no flowers or fruit, seeds are "naked", heterosporous, 2 year life cycle, slow growing, live very long

heterosporous

produce 2 different type spores

microspores

male

megaspores

female

cycadophyta

palm-like appearance, found in tropical regions, have male and female plant types, very endangered in the wild

ginkophyta

only one species left, flat, fan shaped, bi-loped leaves, native to Asia, very well adapted to many places across the globe, male and female trees

gnetophyta

Only 3 living genera, Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia

coniferophyta

pines, shrubs, and other cone bearing trees

male cones

staminate, pollen, produce sperm within male gametophyte (pollen grain), pollen is dispersed by wind to female cone, smaller and squishy

female cones

ovulate, seed, produce an egg within female gametophyte, pollen travels to female cone and deposits sperm, bigger (think typical pine cones)

pine reproduction

gametophytes are now microscopic and sporophytes are most conspicuous, sperm fertilizes egg at the base of the female cone scale, result = embryo contained within a seed

angiosperms

flowering plants, one phylum, flowers and fruit are unique to this group, no longer "naked" ovules, quicker life cycles, double fertilization occurs, after fertilization ovule develops into seed, ovary develops into a fruit, fruit can either be wind dispersed or be eaten and pooped out

double fertilization in angiosperms

2 sperm enter - one fertilizes the egg (2N embryo), one fertilizes two haploid nuclei in ovule (creating triploid 3N endosperm, carb-heavy food for embryo)

importance of the flower

flowering plants and insects evolved together, protects developing gametes, ensures pollination

how do flowers ensure pollination?

color, scent, or shape

common pollinators

bats, birds, beetles, moths, flies, butterflies, bees, wasps

carpel

collective female parts

the carpel includes?

stigma, style, ovary

stamen

collective male parts

the stamen includes?

anther and filament

importance of fruit

ovary grows after fertilization to encapsulate the seed, nutrient packet

How is fruit dispersed?

water, wind, animals

Cotyledons (seed leaves)

first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant

monocots

single cotyledon, flower parts in multiple of 3, leaf veins parallel, fibrous root

examples of monocots

grasses, grain (corn)

eudicots

two cotyledons, flower parts in multiples of 4 & 5, leaf veins branched, tap root

examples of eudicots

trees, fruit crops (beans)

characteristics of animals

eukaryotic, multicellular, capable of movement, no cell walls, heterotrophic through ingestion, most: sexual reproduction, nervous and muscle tissue

asymmetrical

Porifera (sponges)

what is asymmetrical symmetry?

no symmetry

radial symmetry

cnidaria (jellies, anemones, and corals) and ctenophores (comb jellies)

What is radial symmetry?

symmetry around a central axis

bilateral

everyone else

what is bilateral symmetry?

two-sided symmetry

cephalization

head area with sensory organs

segmentation

the division of the body of an organism into a series of similar parts

ecdysis

molting

phylum mollusca

mollusca = "soft", have a visceral mass, foot, and mantle, has organ systems, bilateral symmetry, gills or lungs

Class Cephalopoda

"head foot", marine mollusks (cuttlefish, nautilus, squid, octopi), external shell absent in most, foot modified into tentacles/arms, most complex brain among invertebrates, all predators

Phylum Annelida

annelida = "little ring", bilateral symmetry, segmented, closed circulatory system, most are aquatic

phylum arthropoda

meaning "joint feet", lightweight waterproof exoskeleton, requires ecdysis/molting to allow for growth, segmentation, jointed appendages, efficient respiratory system, highly developed sensory organs and complex behaviors

what is the exoskeleton of arthropods made of?

chitin or calcium carbonate

class Hexapoda

six legged insects

Class Crustacea

crayfish

phylum Chordata

notochord, dorsal nerve chord, pharyngeal slits/pouches, post-anal tails

visceral mass

the internal organs

foot

for locomotion

mantle

surrounds internal organs, secretes the shell if present

what are squids cephalopods?

they have their foot or tentacles connected to their head, not their body.

where is the beak of a squid found?

in the center of the tentacles

Where is the pen on a squid?

the mantle

what are the beak and pen made out of?

chitin

what is the purpose of the ink sac?

defense

what is the purpose of a funnel/siphon?

respiration and discharge of waste

where is the funnel/siphon found on a squid?

mantle surface

what does a squid use to breathe?

gills

what does arthopod mean?

jointed foot