week2

What is the prototype PPI?

Omeprazole (Prilosec)

What is the mechanism of action of PPIs like omeprazole?

Blocks the proton pumps in the stomach lining to reduce acid production.

When should PPIs be taken?

Once daily, 30–60 minutes before breakfast on an empty stomach.

What are long-term risks of PPI use?

Osteoporosis and possible B12 deficiency.

What is the prototype H2 blocker?

Cimetidine (Tagamet)

How does cimetidine work?

Blocks histamine from stimulating acid production by parietal cells.

What are key side effects to monitor with H2 blockers?

Confusion in older adults and gynecomastia with cimetidine.

What is the prototype antacid?

Aluminum hydroxide (Amphojel)

How do antacids work?

Neutralize existing stomach acid by raising pH.

What is a major side effect of aluminum-based antacids?

Constipation

What is the prototype mucosal protectant?

Sucralfate (Carafate)

How does sucralfate work?

Forms a protective gel-like barrier over ulcers.

When should sucralfate be taken?

1 hour before meals and at bedtime, separate from other meds.

What is the prototype prokinetic?

Metoclopramide (Reglan)

What are serious side effects of metoclopramide?

Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), like facial twitching.

When should metoclopramide be avoided?

Long-term use due to risk of tardive dyskinesia.

What is the prototype prostaglandin analog?

Misoprostol (Cytotec)

What is misoprostol used for?

Prevent ulcers in patients on NSAIDs.

What pregnancy category is misoprostol?

Category X – can cause abortion.

What is the prototype serotonin antagonist antiemetic?

Ondansetron (Zofran)

What is the prototype dopamine antagonist antiemetic?

Prochlorperazine (Compazine)

What adverse effect is common with prochlorperazine?

EPS (involuntary muscle movements)

What is the prototype antidiarrheal?

Diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil)

What is the purpose of atropine in Lomotil?

Discourages abuse and adds antispasmodic effects.

What is the prototype bulk-forming laxative?

Psyllium (Metamucil)

What is the prototype stimulant laxative?

Bisacodyl (Dulcolax)

What is the prototype stool softener (surfactant laxative)?

Docusate sodium (Colace)

What is the prototype for hypothyroidism?

Levothyroxine (Synthroid)

What is the prototype for hyperthyroidism?

Methimazole or PTU (Propylthiouracil)

What labs must be monitored with PTU(Methimazole or PTU (Propylthiouracil))?

Liver enzymes (AST/ALT) and CBC (risk of agranulocytosis)

Which type of insulin can be given IV?

Regular insulin

What are signs of hypoglycemia to monitor after insulin?

Shaking, sweating, confusion, dizziness

What is the prototype sulfonylurea?

Glipizide (Glucotrol)

What is the prototype biguanide?

Metformin (Glucophage)

What are contraindications to metformin?

Poor kidney function and use of IV contrast dye

What is the prototype SGLT2 inhibitor?

Canagliflozin (Invokana)

What is a key side effect of SGLT2 inhibitors?

Genital yeast infections and dehydration