week2
🟦 Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
Q: What is the prototype PPI?
A: Omeprazole (Prilosec)
Q: What is the mechanism of action of PPIs like omeprazole?
A: Blocks the proton pumps in the stomach lining to reduce acid production.
Q: When should PPIs be taken?
A: Once daily, 30–60 minutes before breakfast on an empty stomach.
Q: What are long-term risks of PPI use?
A: Osteoporosis and possible B12 deficiency.
🟦 H2 Receptor Antagonists
Q: What is the prototype H2 blocker?
A: Cimetidine (Tagamet)
Q: How does cimetidine work?
A: Blocks histamine from stimulating acid production by parietal cells.
Q: What are key side effects to monitor with H2 blockers?
A: Confusion in older adults and gynecomastia with cimetidine.
🟦 Antacids
Q: What is the prototype antacid?
A: Aluminum hydroxide (Amphojel)
Q: How do antacids work?
A: Neutralize existing stomach acid by raising pH.
Q: What is a major side effect of aluminum-based antacids?
A: Constipation
🟦 Mucosal Protectant
Q: What is the prototype mucosal protectant?
A: Sucralfate (Carafate)
Q: How does sucralfate work?
A: Forms a protective gel-like barrier over ulcers.
Q: When should sucralfate be taken?
A: 1 hour before meals and at bedtime, separate from other meds.
🟦 Prokinetic Agents
Q: What is the prototype prokinetic?
A: Metoclopramide (Reglan)
Q: What are serious side effects of metoclopramide?
A: Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), like facial twitching.
Q: When should metoclopramide be avoided?
A: Long-term use due to risk of tardive dyskinesia.
🟦 Prostaglandin Analog
Q: What is the prototype prostaglandin analog?
A: Misoprostol (Cytotec)
Q: What is misoprostol used for?
A: Prevent ulcers in patients on NSAIDs.
Q: What pregnancy category is misoprostol?
A: Category X – can cause abortion.
🟦 Antiemetics
Q: What is the prototype serotonin antagonist antiemetic?
A: Ondansetron (Zofran)
Q: What is the prototype dopamine antagonist antiemetic?
A: Prochlorperazine (Compazine)
Q: What adverse effect is common with prochlorperazine?
A: EPS (involuntary muscle movements)
🟦 Antidiarrheals
Q: What is the prototype antidiarrheal?
A: Diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil)
Q: What is the purpose of atropine in Lomotil?
A: Discourages abuse and adds antispasmodic effects.
🟦 Laxatives
Q: What is the prototype bulk-forming laxative?
A: Psyllium (Metamucil)
Q: What is the prototype stimulant laxative?
A: Bisacodyl (Dulcolax)
Q: What is the prototype stool softener (surfactant laxative)?
A: Docusate sodium (Colace)
🟦 Thyroid Drugs
Q: What is the prototype for hypothyroidism?
A: Levothyroxine (Synthroid)
Q: What is the prototype for hyperthyroidism?
A: Methimazole or PTU (Propylthiouracil)
Q: What labs must be monitored with PTU?
A: Liver enzymes (AST/ALT) and CBC (risk of agranulocytosis)
🟦 Insulin
Q: Which type of insulin can be given IV?
A: Regular insulin
Q: What are signs of hypoglycemia to monitor after insulin?
A: Shaking, sweating, confusion, dizziness
🟦 Oral Antidiabetics
Q: What is the prototype sulfonylurea?
A: Glipizide (Glucotrol)
Q: What is the prototype biguanide?
A: Metformin (Glucophage)
Q: What are contraindications to metformin?
A: Poor kidney function and use of IV contrast dye
Q: What is the prototype SGLT2 inhibitor?
A: Canagliflozin (Invokana)
Q: What is a key side effect of SGLT2 inhibitors?
A: Genital yeast infections and dehydration